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Elizabethan England Flashcards

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1
Q

when was Elizabeth queen?

A

1558-1603

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2
Q

What did the Elizabethan system of society look like?

A 
Nobility
Gentry
Yeomen
Tenant farmers
Landless or labouring poor
Vagrants or the homeless
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3
Q

What did the people high in the hierarchy and low in the hierarchy have to do to those lower/higher?

A

The low ones had to have respect and obedience and the ones above had a duty of care.

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4
Q

What were the nobility?

A

The monarch and those appointed by her.

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5
Q

What were the gentry?

A

Knights/gentlemen/gentlewomen/squires of the kingdom who owned lots of land

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6
Q

What were Yeomen?

A

People who owned small amounts of land or an estate

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7
Q

What were tenant farmers?

A

People who farmed on rented land owned by Yeomen or the Gentry

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8
Q

What was the hierarchy based on?

A

Who owns the most land and therefore money

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9
Q

What was court like?

A

It was made up of nobility, attendance required the permission of the monarch and was a display of wealth and power

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10
Q

What was the privy council?

A

It was a group of the queen’s advisors, made up of 19 members who were leading courtiers. Meeting 3 times a week

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11
Q

What were justices of peace?

A

Large land owners who kept law. Reported illegal activity to the privy council

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12
Q

What were Elizabeth’s strengths?

A

She was highly intelligent, well educated, great grasp for politics, good at making speeches

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13
Q

What were Elizabeth’s weaknesses?

A

She took a long time to make decisions, had a bad temper and found to be frustrating by advisors

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14
Q

Why was legitimacy an issue for Elizabeth

A

Her father Henry VIII created the church of England to divorce Catharine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn. This led Catholics to believe she was illegitimate and so should not be queen.

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15
Q

What were the financial problems for Elizabeth?

A

Elizabeth’s government had little money due to a costly war. England was in £300,000 in debt when she came to the throne.

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16
Q

What was the English reformation?

A

When Henry VIII created the Church of England.

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17
Q

What was the religious settlement?

A

A religious compromise to appease both Catholics and Protestants.

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18
Q

What was the Act of Supremacy?

A

An act that made Elizabeth the supreme governor of the Church of England. All clergy and royal officials had to swear oath of alliance to her. Members of the clergy could be punished if disloyal.

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19
Q

What was the Act of Uniformity?

A

An act that established the appearance of churches and the forms of services they held. It introduced the book of common prayer to be used in all churches. Anyone who opposed was punished.

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20
Q

What were the Royal Injunctions?

A

The set of instructions set out be Sir William Cecil to reinforce the two acts such as all clergy used to teach the act of supremacy and those who did not attend church would be reported to the privy council

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21
Q

In what ways was the RS a success?

A

It excluded as few people as possible, 8000 priests stayed, most people accepted the settlement, it legitimised power to the monarch and gave guidance to communities

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22
Q

In what ways was the RS not a success?

A

It excluded puritans and devout Catholics, all but 1 of the bishops stepped down and 22 new ones had to be appointed. .

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23
Q

Why was there a threat to the RS from the puritans?

A

They did not like crucifixes as they saw it as worshiping an idol and not the real thing, they did not like priest’s clothing as it set them apart from everyone else.

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24
Q

Why was there a threat to the RS from the English Catholics?

A

In 1566, the pope issued an instruction that people should not attend the Church of England services. Penalties for not attending were fines, imprisonment, loss of job, loss of property or eve loss of life. This caused the counter reformation which was the war against Protestantism

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25
Q

How was the Dutch revolt a threat to Elizabeth?

A

Protestants revolted after Spanish inquisition putting a target on Elizabeth as a protestant monarch

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26
Q

How was Spain a threat to Elizabeth?

A

Phillip II had proposed and be turned down by Elizabeth and wanted to gain control of England as Spain was a stronger and wealthier country.

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27
Q

Why did Mary Queen of Scots have a strong claim to the English Throne?

A

She was Elizabeth’s cousin and was a Catholic so English and foreign Catholics wanted her to replace Elizabeth

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28
Q

Why did Mary come to England?

A

She came due to a second rebellion from Scottish lords as Mary was suspected of being involved in the killing of lord Darnley who was her second husband. This forced her to abdicate and come to England.

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29
Q

Why did the Northern Earls revolt?

A

They wanted Catholicism to be restored in England and lost their influence when Elizabeth came to the throne. Most people in the north of England were Catholic.

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30
Q

What did the Northern earls plan to happen to Mary Queen of Scots?

A

They planned for her to marry the Duke of Norfolk who was also Catholic

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31
Q

After the revolt of the Northern earls, what did the pope do?

A

He issued a papal bull to say that any subjects could kill the king without it resulting in them going to hell, even if they had sworn oaths to her. This means she was excommunicated and her subjects were not allowed to obey her orders.

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32
Q

Why did Elizabeth want to avoid war?

A

War costs lots of money and could lead to her being overthrown if English rebels supported the enemy. Also countries like Spain were richer and more powerful than England so there was a high chance that they would lose.

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33
Q

What were Elizabeth’s foreign policy aims?

A
  • Develop and improve trade to benefit the English economy
  • Protecting England’s borders
  • Protecting the English throne
  • Avoiding war
34
Q

why did Spain have an advantage over England in trading?

A

Spain controlled the Netherlands, had control over the new world, made enormous profits from the new world with sugar cane. tobacco and sugar anyone who wanted to trade had to have a special licence from Spain.

35
Q

Who was Francis Drake?

A

He was an Elizabethan sailor and navigator, and the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe.

36
Q

What did Francis Drake do in the new world?

A

He captured numerous Spanish ships and seize their cargos. He went to Panama where he captured £40,000 of Spanish silver. He made huge sums of money for those who invested in his voyages including Elizabeth and claimed the region of Northern California in the new world.

37
Q

What happened to Francis Drake when he returned to England?

A

He was knighted by Elizabeth.

38
Q

What did Drake claiming Northern California show?

A

It showed that England did not accept Spain’s domination of the Americas.

39
Q

Why was knighting Drake a problem?

A

It was an insult to Philip II of Spain which is a bad message especially seeming that Spain was a wealthier, more powerful country.

40
Q

Who was involved in the Ridolfi plot and what was planned?

A

Roberto Ridolfi, Mary QOS, duke of Norfolk, Duke of Alba and Phillip II. They planned for a Spanish invasion, Elizabeth to be killed and for Mary to become queen and Marry the Duke of Norfolk.

41
Q

Who was involved in the Throckmorton plot and what was planned?

A

French duke of Guise, Mary QOS, Phillip II and Francis Throckmorton. They planned for the FDOG to invade England, free Mary and overthrow Elizabeth.

42
Q

Who was involved in the Babington plot and what was planned?

A

The duke of Guise, Mary QOS, Phillip II, Anthony Babington and the plan was similar to the Throckmorton plot.

43
Q

What were the consequences of the Ridolfi plot?

A

.Norfolk was executed and the threat from Spain and Catholics was greater.

44
Q

What were the consequences of the Throckmorton plot?

A

Catholic’s lives were made harder and they were treated with suspicion.

45
Q

What were the consequences of the Babington plot?

A

Relations between Spain and England had broken down and Mary Queen of Scots was executed.

46
Q

Why did Elizabeth execute Mary?

A

Mary had plotted to kill her, it removed a great threat to her throne.

47
Q

What were the problems with killing Mary QOS?

A

It gave Philip II a reason to attack and it showed people that it was ok to kill a monarch.

48
Q

What did Walsingham do?

A

He captured and often tortured Catholic priests who were smuggled into the country.

49
Q

What was main reason for all of the plots?

A

To kill Elizabeth and restore Catholicism in England.

50
Q

What did Robert Dudley do in the Netherlands?

A

They defeated the Spanish and took forts outside of Zutphen but lost one and accepted the title of Governor General of the Netherlands on Elizabeth’s behalf.

51
Q

What were the issues with Dudley’s actions in the Netherlands?

A

Elizabeth wanted to negotiate with Spain and not take their titles as it looked like they were trying to depose Philip.

52
Q

Why did Dudley return to England?

A

he did not have enough men or supplies.

53
Q

What was the treaty of Nonsuch?

A

A treaty between Elizabeth and the Netherlands where Elizabeth agreed to place 7000 men in the field.

54
Q

What did Drake do in the singeing of the king’s beard?

A

He destroyed more than 30 vessels and captured 16 tons of wood for barrel making and delayed the Spanish Armada by a year.

55
Q

What were the religious reasons for the Spanish Armada?

A

Spain backed Catholic plots against Elizabeth, excommunication of Elizabeth and removing Protestantism.

56
Q

What were the political reasons for the Spanish Armada?

A

England would be a useful addition to Spain’s empire and the treaty of Nonsuch.

57
Q

What other reasons were there for the Armada?

A

Execution of Mary QOS, drakes actions in the new world and Elizabeth’s support for Dutch rebels.

58
Q

What was Phillip’s plan for the Armada?

A
  1. 130 ships sail along the English channel
  2. Join up with the duke of Parma
  3. transport 27000 troops to Kent
  4. Parma would march into England and impose a new Catholic government in England
59
Q

How did English ship design cause the Armada to fail?

A

English galleon ships were faster and easier to manoeuvre, cannons could also be fired and reloaded faster.

60
Q

How did Spanish supplies cause the Armada to fail?

A

Provisions were stored in inferior wood due to Francis Drake, they had a shortage of cannon balls and they were of poorer quality. There were also delays to set sail (ten weeks) so supplies were rotting.

61
Q

How did planning and communication issues cause the Armada to fail?

A

They had to go between Medina-Sedona and Parma by sea, the duke of Parma did not control the deep sea ports for large war ships so it took 48 hours to load.

62
Q

How did English tactics cause the Armada to fail?

A

The English were able to fire six times as many cannon balls and from further away. The armada was spotted on the English channel in July 1588 so they captured two ships.

63
Q

What were the consequences of the Armada?

A

It gave Elizabeth a great propaganda victory as England had survived and attack by a more powerful foe. It gave English pride and showed the strength of the English Navy. It cost Spain financially and in terms of power.

64
Q

What were grammar schools and who attended them?

A

They were schools attended by children of a noble birth, who were often tutored at home and from the age of 7-14 children of a lower standing would go to a grammar school where they were taught subjects like RE, Latin and literacy.

65
Q

What were petty schools and who attended them?

A

Most girls were unable to go to school but middle class girls who went to school would go o a petty school where they were taught subjects like cooking and cleaning.

66
Q

how did population growth cause an increase in poverty in England?

A

During Elizabeth’s reign, the population grew by 35%, particularly in towns and cities. London became the fastest growing city in England 10x bigger than Norwich (second biggest city). This meant higher food prices and lower wages, along with poor harvests.

67
Q

How did changes in farming techniques cause an increase in poverty in England?

A

The demand for wool increased so prices went up because of this more farmers started sheep farming however only large farms could afford. There was also enclosure where large open fields were turned into smaller individual fields so livestock was kept safe and enclosed. This caused many farmers to move to cities in hope of finding work.

68
Q

What is poor relief?

A

Financial help available for the poorest of people.

69
Q

What is the poor rate?

A

A special local tax to pay for poor relief.

70
Q

What was the 1572 vagabonds act?

A

An act to decrease vagrancy meaning vagrants would be whipped and would have a hole drilled through each ear, if caught again they would go to prison and for a third time, they would be sentenced to death.

71
Q

What was the poor relief act?

A

An act to help the able bodied find work by giving them raw materials to sell, those who refused went to a special prison.

72
Q

How did new technology enable exploration?

A

In 1569, the Mercator world map was developed by a cartographer, there was also more mathematical and of greater accuracy. There were galleon ships which were much larger than traditional trading ships which had bows and sterns lowered making them more stable in heavy seas. More masts and sails allowed for faster, more accurate voyages.

73
Q

Why was it a good idea economically to explore?

A

They needed new trading opportunities due to conflict with Spain, most of the Americas were unexplored and there were hopes of finding riches away from the coasts. There were also private investors including Elizabeth to fund voyages.

74
Q

Why was it a good idea politically to explore?

A

Due to poor relations with Spain, it was the best time to raid Spanish colonies and break Spain’s trading monopoly. Also Drake wanted to circumnavigate the globe.

75
Q

Why was the voyage a reason for the failure of attempts to colonise Virginia?

A

Vital supplies on board the tiger were ruined including food, seeds and gunpowder so they could not grow food or shoot animals for food. Food on board rotted and colonists became ill. They also set off to late to plant crops.

76
Q

Why were the colonists a reason for the failure of attempts to colonise Virginia?

A

There were the wrong mix of people with the wrong skills, too many craftsmen and not enough farmers. Merchants came with hope of finding riches but no precious metals were found and gentlemen and noblemen didn’t want to do physical work, along with the inaccurate descriptions of Virginia.

77
Q

Why was the Native American resistance a reason for the failure of attempts to colonise Virginia?

A

Many native Americans did not trust the English and the colonists were very demanding. Although welcoming at first they grew tired of the demand. The local chief Winginia asked other chiefs to join him in an attack against the English in 1586 which later failed. The English were expecting to use the natives for labour.

78
Q

What was football like in Elizabethan England?

A

It was an extremely violent lower class game for men. The aim was to get the ball into the other side’s goal. There were no rules against the number of players, the pitch size, picking up the ball and tripping people up.

79
Q

What was Baiting?

A

It was a sport in which a bear would be chained up and dogs were unleashed against it. Even with the bear’s teeth being broken, most dogs were killed.

80
Q

What was literature like in Elizabethan England?

A

There was lots of new literature during Elizabeth’s reign. Medieval works such as Chaucer’s Canterbury tales were popular. The most popular forms of creative writing were poetry and plays.

81
Q

What was music like in Elizabethan England?

A

All Elizabethans were passionate about music.. Many upper class people had instruments as they were expensive. Instruments include Lutes (guitars) and harpsichords (pianos).

82
Q

What was theatre like in Elizabethan England?

A

At the start of Elizabeth’s reign bible stories were popular but the government stopped them to stop religious violence so theatre turned into non-religious plays.

History (13 decks)

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