Elizabeth Chapter 3 Flashcards
What was education focused on?
Preparing you for the life you were expected to lead.
Who were humanists?
People that believed learning was important in its own right.
How many Grammar schools were founded in the 1560’s?
42
What were the punishments in Elizabethan grammar schools?
- Exclusion
- Being kept in at break
- Expullsion
- Corporal punishment
- Being ‘on report’
What were petty schools?
Schools set up and run in a teacher’s home, after this boys would go onto a grammar school if they were bright or well-off.
By the end of Elizabeth’s reign how many men were literate?
30%
By the end of Elizabeth’s reign how many women were literate?
10%
How many men were literate in the 1530s?
20%
What sports did the Nobility play?
- Hunting on horse back (men and women)
- Hawking (men and women)
- Fishing (men and women)
- Fencing (men)
- Real tennis (men)
Why was football played by lower class men?
There were no rules and it was extremely violent
What was bear baiting?
A bear would be chained to a post and dogs would be set against it. This was enjoyed by all classes.
Why were puritans against cock-fighting and baiting?
Because they were often held on Sundays which they thought was a holy day.
Who wrote poetry?
Most well educated people, including the Queen.
Why did Elizabeth put a stop to mystery plays?
Because they brought the saints stories to life and this encouraged catholicism. She was also concerned they would encourage religous violence.
What types of plays were popular?
Comedies and secular plays (non-religous)
Where was the most important place to sit in a theatre?
Directly above the stage so the audience could see how important you were
How much was it to stand in the pit?
1 penny
Could women be actors or musicians?
No
Who were itinerants?
People who moved from their home parishes looking for work
How do modern historians identify the ‘poor’?
Those who spent 80% of their income on bread.
What was poor relief?
Financial help for the poor
During a survey of the poor in Norwich how many were under 16?
40%
How much did England’s population grow during her reign?
By 35%
What was the population of London in 1603?
150,000
How many times larger than Norwich (second largest) was London?
10 times
Why did the price of food rise in towns?
Because there were more people to feed
Why did poverty increase due to rising prices?
- Wages didn’t rise as fast as the prices
- Slow food production in relation to the population.
- Rising rent costs due to an increase in demand
Why did many empolyers get away with cutting prices?
Because of the increase in demand for land more people need jobs
How much of England’s exports was wool?
81.6%
Why was sheep farming a problem?
- Took land that had been used to grow crops or as common land.
- Didn’t require as much labour as crops, unemployment rose
- Some crops were grown for animals to eat
What was enclosure?
Replacing large fields farmed by villagers with individual fields belonging to one person.
Why did enclosure result in an increase in unemployment?
There was less of a demand for labour so people couldn’t find work.
How did encolsure result in rural depopulation?
Unemployment in rural areas rose so people moved to towns and cities to find work.
How did farmers benefit from enclosure?
- Their animals didn’t wander off
- They didn’t trample other crops
- They could control the uses of their fields
How did enclosure result in an increase in poverty?
- More efficient farming meant fewer labourers were needed, unemployment rose
- Common land was sometimes enclosed, people had relied on this for centuries. This caused a great deal of resentment.
Why did land values and rents increase?
As the money that could be earned from sheep farming increased the landowners put up the rents to make more money
How much land in England was enclosed by the end of the 16th century?
2-3%
Who were vagabonds?
Homeless people without jobs, who roamed the countryside begging for money, perhaps stealing or committting other crimes in order to survive.
Why did Elizabethan society fear vagabonds?
The lived outside the strict hierachy and threatened law and order
Who organised poor relief?
Justices of the Peace
Who were the impotent or deserving poor?
Those who were unable to work due to age or illness.
What was the poor rate?
A special local tax to help poor people
What punishment did Vagrants face if they were caught?
Whipping or imprisonment
Why did unemployment become recognised as a real social and economic problem?
Because sometimes trade was bad and they were very visible particularly in towns
What was the 1563 Statute of Artificers?
- It ensured poor relief was collected
- Anyone who refused to pay could be imprisoned.
- Officials failing to help organise poor relief could be fined up to £20
What was the aim of the 1572 Vagabonds Act?
To deter vagrancy
What were the features of the 1572 Vagabonds Act?
- The Act stated that vagrants were to be whipped and a hole drilled through each ear.
- Vargrants were to be imprisoned if arrested a second time and given the death penalty for the third.
What else did the 1572 poor Act do?
- It established the national poor rate for the first time.
- JPs were to keep a register of the poor
- Towns and cities were given the responsibility to find work for the able bodied poor.
What was the Aim of the 1576 Poor Relief Act?
To distinguish between able bodied and impotent poor, and to help the able bodied poor find work.
What were the features of the 1576 Poor Relief Act?
- JPs provided the able bodied poor with wool and raw materials to enable them to work by making things to sell.
- Those who refuse to work where they were given help to be sent to a special prison funded by poor rates, known as the house of correction.
What evidence is there for ordinary Elizabethans being sympathetic towards Vagabonds?
Some local records show that less than 10% were whipped in some towns.
Which town was ahead of much of England with the treatment of the poor?
Ispwich, as early as 1569 it had established a school for poor children and a hospital for those who were poor because they were sick.
When did John Hawkins first buy slaves from Africa?
1562
Why was Adventure a motivation for exploration?
Many young Elizabethan men wanted to make their fortunes and have an adventure.
How did advances in exploration help navigation?
Voyages were safe and more direct, for example quadrants and astrolabes were increasingly used. They could also accurately map routes so others could follow.
When was the Mercator map developed?
1569 by Gerardus Mercator
Why did the Mercator map have an impact?
Sailors now had a much more realistic picture of the world to use when plotting voyages.
Why were galleons better?
- They were more stable in heavy seas
- They could carrier a larger cargo
What were the advantages of galleons?
- They were faster and more manoeuvrable
- They were bigger
- They had more guns
What was the significance of Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe?
- It showed the power of England as a seafaring nation.
- It encouraged more explorations
When was Nova Albion founded?
June 1579
What was the significance of Nova Albion?
The peaceful welcome given to Drake encouraged the idea that Europeans could settle, and even rule, there.
When did Humfrey Gilbert set out to North America on a voyage of exploration?
1578
What was the outcome of Gilbert’s first voyage?
It fails and he is bankrupted
When did Drake return from circumnavigating the globe?
1580
When did Gilbert lead his second voyage?
1583
What was the outcome of the 1583 voyage?
It fails and Gilbert dies on the return journey
When did Raleigh begin planning a new colonisation attempt by sending a fact finding mission to Virginia?
1584
When did the colonisation of Virginia begin?
1585
When was the first colonisation attempt abandoned?
1586
When was the colony at Roanoke established?
1587
When did English sailors find Roanoke abandoned?
1590
What was the significance of Raleigh?
- He organised and raised funds for the establishment of a colony in Virginia
- Promoted the voyage
- He appointed the governor of Virginia
- Developed a blue print that was used later.
What was the significance of Manteo and Wanchese?
Thomas Harriot learned their language and taught them english, he made an English-Alonquian ‘dictionary’. They also helped the first English colonists establish cotact with their people.
What were the economic gains of the colonisation project?
- Native Americans would barter for simple, cheap english goods.
- The colony would provide work for English cloth makers and merchants.
- The colony would provide exotic materials.
- There would be plenty of revenue for the English government.
Who was ideally needed for the colony?
- 300 colonists with a variety of skills
- Artisans
- Hunters and fishermen
- Clergy
- Soldiers
- Farmers
When was the ideal time to sail for the colony?
In time to sow crops because they were essential to see the colonists through the winter
What supplies did they need for the colonisation?
- Enough food to get across the Atlantic and last until harvest.
- Fresh water
- Tools and raw materials
- Farming tools
- Seeds
- Weapons
- Salt for preserving food
How many colonists did Raleigh eventually get?
Only 107 and almost half were soldiers
How many ships were sent to Virginia?
- Tiger, Roebuck, Lion, Dorothy and Elizabeth. The tiger carried all of the perishables
When did the ships leave England?
9 April 1585, this was already too late for planting some of the crops needed to see them through the winter.
Who was Richard Grenville?
He was the expedition commander, he was an experienced soldier and sailor, he did not get on with Ralph Lane and was known to be feared rather than loved.
Who was Ralph Lane?
He was the Governor of Virginia. He was an expert on fort building, he was also an explorer and battle hardened soldier.
Who was Thomas Harriot?
He was a mathmetician, translator and cartographer. He formed a strong bond with Manteo and Wanchese and spoke their language.
Why was the colonisation of of Virginia significant?
- It undermined spain and provided a base to attack Spanish colonies.
- It developed the roots of the British empire.
- The economic benefits of new crops
What were the reasons for the failure of the colonisation of Virginia? (Voyage)
- They left too late to plant crops.
- Many arrived ill
- The climate was hot and humid so food rotted quickly.
- Damage to the Tiger destroyed the perishables and seeds.
Why did the colonisation attempts fail? (Expectation and reality)
- There were no precious metals
- They didn’t work together
- The farmers didn’t want to work for anyone
- The soldiers had no skills
- There were too many craftsmen and not enough farmers
- No stone for a fort
Why did inexperience cause the colony to fail?
- Many were not cut out for the hardship
- There weren’t the right people in the right numbers
How did Native American resistance cause the colony to fail?
The local chief Wingina was against the English, he prepared an ambush but Lane found out and Wingina was killed. The colonists left after this.
What happened with the second colonisation attempt?
There were 17 women and several families on board. They were willing to work. However the indians were hostile from the start. No trace of the colony was ever found.
