Cold War Chapter 3 Flashcards
In what year was Nixon elected?
1968
When was Brandt elected Chancellor of West Germany?
1969
What year was SALT 1
1972
What year did Brezhnev visit Washington?
1973
When were the Helsinki accords?
1975
What year was SALT 2?
1979
What is the definition of Détente?
A period of peace between two groups that were previously at war, or hostile to each other.
What would a policy of détente allow the USA to do?
It would allow the USA to spend less money on weapons and more on trying to solve the social problems in their country.
Why did the USSR want détente?
They were facing economic problems and wanted to devote more resources to improving living standards and updating its economy.
What was Willy Brandt’s policy of ‘Ostpolitik’?
It involved building better relations between East and West Germany. Other European nations followed his lead and established better relations with eastern european countries.
What did the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty state?
ABMs were only allowed at two sites, each site should have a maximum of 100 missiles.
What did the Interim treaty do?
It placed restrictions on the number of ICBMs and SLBMs each country could have.
Under the interim treaty how many ICBMs and SLBMs was the USA allowed?
1,054 ICBMs
740 SLBMs
Under the interim treaty how many ICBMs and SLBMs was the Soviet Union allowed?
1,618 ICBMs and 740 SLBMs
What did The Basic Principles Agreement say?
It laid down rules for the conduct of nuclear warfare. And set out steps for avoiding Nuclear warfare
What were the weaknesses of SALT 1?
- It was unrealistic to expect war could be avoided by an agreement on paper.
- It didn’t cover the latest technological development.
What was the impact of SALT 1 on international relations?
It showed that both countries wanted to reach agreement and they wanted to demonstrate their better relations.
When did negotiations for SALT 2 begin?
1974
What did the first basket of the Helsinki Accords cover?
European borders - Borders are inviolable, they cannot be altered by force.
What did the second basket at the Helsinki Accords cover?
International cooperation - We will continue to work for closer relations between Western and Soviet-controlled countries. This will include trade agreements, technology exchanges and a joint Space mission.
What did the third basket at the Helsinki Accords cover?
Human rights - We will respect human rights and individual freedoms such as free speech, religion, and free movement across Europe.
Which baskets was Brezhnev pleased with?
1 & 2
Which basket were the USA pleased with?
3
What brought détente to an end?
The soviet invasion of Afghanistan
When did Islamic militants capture the American embassy in Tehran?
November 1979, held hostages for 444 days.
Why was SALT 2 withdrawn from the senate?
Carter felt he could no longer support it
When was the Carter Doctrine?
1980
When was the US boycott of the Moscow olympics?
1980
When was Reagan elected?
1980
When did Brezhnev die?
1982
When was SDI announced?
1983
When did the USSR boycott the LA olympics?
1984
Why did the Soviets invade Afghanistan?
They were determined not to let muslim fundamentalism spread across their border and they wanted to ensure there was a pro-Soviet government in Afghanistan.
When did the Soviet invade afghan?
24 December 1979
When was Amin assassinated?
27 December, almost certainly by Soviet commandos
What was the Carter doctrine?
The USA would repel by force, if necessary, any threats to american interests in the Persian Gulf.
How did the Americans see the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
They saw it as an example of the Soviets trying to spread communism abroad.
How did the Americans react to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
- Withdrew SALT 2
- Imposed economic sanctions
- Funded and supplied the mujahideen
How many civilian deaths were there during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
1.5 million
How much did the war cost the USSR per year?
$8 billion
How many nations supported the US during their boycott of the Olympics?
Over 60 nations
How many communist countries joined the Soviet boycott?
15
How did Reagan describe the Soviet Union?
An ‘evil empire’
How much more more money was spent on the US armed forces in 1982?
13% more, with a further 8% in 1983 and 1984
What was the Reagan doctrine?
The USA would support anti-communist governments and anti-communist groups trying to overthrow communist governments.
What did SDI stand for?
Strategic Defense Initiative
When did Gorbachev become leader?
1985
Why did authorities declare martial law in Poland in 1981?
There was unrest due to lack of human rights, the trade union ‘Solidarity’ posed a threat.
What was perestroika?
A proposal that the soviet state and economy should be reformed to include some of the practices that made capitalism successful.
What was Glasnost?
There should be more openess and less corruption in the government, it would allow opposition to the government.
What other things did Gorbachev include in his reforms?
- The brezhnev doctrine would be dropped.
- Reduce spending on arms and defence and withdraw from Afghan.
How did Reagan see Gorbachev’s reforms?
He saw that there was a real oppurtunity to end the Cold War, and to adopt a more open approach to the soviet union.
What changes were made in Gorbachev’s first 4 years?
Further limitations on nuclear weapons
What was the outcome of the Geneva summit?
No formal agreements but Gorbachev and Reagan established a good working relationship. They had a mutual desire to improve relations.
What did Gorbachev propose at the Reykjavik Summit?
Phasing out nuclear weapons if the Americans gave up their SDI program.
What was the outcome of the Reykjavik summit?
No formal agreement but an improvement in relations
What was the outcome of the Washington summit?
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) treaty
What was the INF treaty?
Abolish all land based missiles with a range of 500-5,500km
What happened at the Moscow summit?
Complex detail related to INF treaty resolved.
What was the outcome of the Malta summit?
No new agreements were made, but both the USA and the Soviet Union saw this meeting as marking the end of the Cold War.
What was the impact of removing the Brezhnev doctrine on the Satellite states?
They could choose how they were governed
How many East Germans leave for the west on the 11th of September?
125,000
When did the Berlin wall fall?
November 1989
What did the destruction of the Berlin Wall symbolise?
It became the symbol of the end of Soviet control and the end of the Cold War
When was the Warsaw Pact dissolved?
July 1991
What did the break up of the Warsaw pact indicate?
The division between the democratic west and communist east was gone.
Why did Gorbachev resign?
A coup severely damaged his authority.
When did Gorbachev resign?
25 December 1991
What immediately followed Gorbachev’s resignation?
The break-up of the Soviet Union
