Cold War Chapter 2 Flashcards
When was Krushchev’s Berlin ultimatum?
November 1958
When was the Geneva Summit?
May 1959
When did Krushchev visit the USA?
September 1959
When was the U-2 crisis?
May 1960
When was the Camp David summit?
September 1959
When was the Paris summit?
May 1960
When was the Vienna summit?
June 1961
When was the Berlin ultimatum renewed?
June 1961
When did Kennedy visit Berlin?
June 1963
Why did many East Germans choose to go to West Germany?
The quality of life in West Germany was much higher and skilled workers left knowing they could be paid better in West Germany.
By 1958 how many East Germans had crossed to the West?
Three million
What did Krushchev demand in his Berlin Ultimatum?
Berlin should be demilitarised and western troops withdrawn, berlin should become a “free city” (under the control of the USSR)
What were the consequences for the West if they ignored the Berlin ultimatum?
Krushchev would hand over control of all routes into Berlin to the government of East Germany.
What was the impact of the Berlin ultimatum on international relations?
The west was outraged, they saw it as evidence of Krushchev trying to spread communism.
What happened at the Geneva summit in May 1959?
Both sides put forward proposals for how Berlin should be governed but no agreement was reached. Eisenhower invited Krushchev to the USA for further talks.
What happened at the Camp David summit in September 1959?
There was no agreement about the future of Berlin but the Soviets did agree to withdraw the Berlin ultimatum. The meeting appeared to establish better relations between the two leaders.
What happened at the Paris summit in May 1960?
Krushchev walked out of the meeting after Eisenhower refused to apologise for the U-2 spy plane flying over the Soviet Union.
What happened at the Vienna summit in June 1961?
Krushchev took a tough stance with the new American president Kennedy and renewed the Berlin ultimatum. Once more the meeting ended with no agreement on Berlin.
What happened after the Vienna summit?
Kennedy increased spending on the US armed forces by $2 billion to protect the USA. It seemed that the USA was prepared to fight over Berlin.
On one day in August 1961 how many east germans crossed to the west?
40,000
When was the Berlin wall built and why?
The East German leader Walter Ulbricht urged krushchev to close the border. So on the night of 12 August 1961 a barbed wire fence was built.
What was the impact of the Berlin wall for ordinary Germans?
Many people were seperated from family members for years on end.
What were the negative impacts of the Berlin wall on the Soviet Union?
- Krushchev had to abandon plans to unite Germany under Soviet control.
- The wall showed that when given a choice most people preferred capitalism to communism.
What were the positive outcomes of the Berlin wall for the Soviets?
- Stopped refugees leaving
- The wall sent a message that communism would survive in Berlin.
Negative outcomes of the Berlin wall for the USA?
- The Soviets hadn’t consulted the USA.
- People who wanted to escape communism were no longer able to.
Positive outcomes of the Berlin wall for the USA?
- It showed Khrushchev had been forced to accept western control in West Berlin, he didn’t think he could bully Kennedy anymore.
- West Berlin became an emblem of freedom and defiance against communism.
Negative outcomes of the Berlin wall on international relations
- Things were so bad in Berlin now that a physical barrier had to be built.
- It became a powerful symbol of the differences between East and West.
Positive outcomes of the Berlin wall on international relations
- Less likely to go to war over Berlin. As kennedy said a wall was better than war.
When did Fidel Castro become leader of Cuba?
January 1959
When did the Cuban government nationalise foreign-owned land in Cuba?
May 1959
When did Castro sign the agreement with Khrushchev?
February 1960
When did the USA break off diplomatic relations with Cuba?
January 1961
When was the Bay of Pigs?
April 1961
When did Khrushchev offer weapons to Cuba?
September 1961
When did the U-2 spy plane show Soviet missile silos on Cuba?
14 October 1962
When did Kennedy assemble ExComm/ beginning of ‘Thirteen days’?
16 October 1962
When did Kennedy announce the blockade on national television?
22 October 1962
When did the Soviet Union agree to remove Nuclear missiles from Cuba?
28 October 1962
When was the Telephone ‘hotline’ set up?
June 1963
When was the Test Ban treaty?
August 1963
What was the secret clause in Castro’s agreement with Khrushchev?
Cuba would receive arms from the Soviet Union.
When did Eisenhower introduce a trade embargo with Cuba?
October 1960
When did the USA break off diplomatic relations with Cuba?
January 1961
When was the Bay of Pigs?
17 April 1961
How many Cuban exiles made up the invasion force?
1,400
Who trained the Cuban exiles?
The CIA
What were the reasons for the Coup’s failure?
- The volunteers had little military experience
- The USA wanted to present it as a Cuban effort, therefore no US support.
- They wrongly assumed most Cubans would support them.
What were the effects of the ‘Bay of Pigs’ on international relations.
- Humiliating for US, looked like the US were acting like Soviets trying to restore influence.
- Khrushchev used it as propoganda ‘popularity of communism’.
- Stronger relations between Cuba and USSR.
When did Khrushchev publicly announce that he would provide arms to Cuba?
September 1961
Why did Khrushchev put nuclear weapons on Cuba?
- NATO had missiles in Turkey, it was now time for the USA to feel under threat.
- If he could outwit kennedy it would restore his prestige.
When did Kennedy set up the Naval blockade around Cuba?
22 October
How many bombers did Kennedy prepare in case the Blockade failed?
54 bombers each with 4 Nuclear warheads.
When did the Soviet ships reach the blockade?
24 October
What happened when the Soviet ships reached the blockade?
They turned around, Dean Rusk the US secretary of state said ‘I think the other guy just blinked’.
When did Khrushchev send a telegram to Kennedy offering to remove missiles from Cuba if the Americans agreed not to invade?
26 October
When was a U-2 spy plane shot down over Cuba?
27 October
What was agreed in secret by Kennedy’s brother?
Missiles would be removed from Turkey
What was the Test Ban treaty?
It was an agreement prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons in outer space, underwater or in the atmosphere.
When was rhe Outer Space Treaty signed?
1967
What did the Outer Space Treaty mean?
The USA and USSR agreed not to use space for military purposes.
What was the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty?
An agreement that meant countries who signed wouldn’t share their nuclear technology with other countries.
Was Khrushchevs unpopularity as a result of the cuban missile crisis a factor in his dimissal in 1964?
Yes
Why was there opposition to Soviet Control in Czechoslovakia?
- There was massive censorhsip
- Lack of freedoms
- Purges
What did Dubcek believe a communist government should offer?
Socialism with a human face
What does ‘Socialism with a human face’ mean?
Citizens should be able to enjoy life, express their views in public and speak out against Communist Party decisions they did not like, without fear of being punished by the government.
What reforms did Dubcek introduce?
- Censorship was relaxed and criticism of government actions allowed.
- Trade unions were given wider powers and government control of industry was reduced.
- More power was given to Czech regional governments.
- Trade with the west increased
- Czech people could travel abroad
How were Dubcek’s reforms met by the Czech people?
They were met with great enthusiasm
How did Moscow initially view the reforms?
Not very popular, Dubcek assured them they would remain loyal to the Warsaw pact. Brezhnev was concerned about losing control.
Why did Brezhnev take action against Czechoslovakia?
When Dubcek invited Ceausescu of Romania and Tito of Yugoslavia to Prague for talks, brezhnev saw this as the last straw.
How many Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia?
500,000
When did Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia?
20 August 1968
Who replaced Dubcek?
A hardliner loyal to Moscow named Gustav Husak
What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?
Brezhnev said that the actions of any individual communist country affected all communist countries. So if one country’s actions threaten other countries, then it was the duty of those countries to take steps to stop those actions.
What was Brezhnev really saying in the Brezhnev doctrine?
All communist countries would be prevented from introducing reforms to make their country more liberal.
What was the impact of the Prague Spring on other Communist countries in Europe?
- Strained relations between Yugoslavia, Romania and Moscow.
- The communist parties of Italy and France cut links to Moscow.
- East Germany and Poland welcomed Brezhnev’s actions.
- Led to greater Soviet control
How did the Prague Spring and invasion effect relations between the USSR and USA?
- The USA was outraged
- Attempt to pass a formal resolution condemning the invasion in the UN.
- The USSR saw that the USA would not take direct action.
