Elizabeth Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Who were the threats to Elizabeth’s throne at the start of the 1570s?
A
- English catholics
- Mary Queen of Scots
- Spain
- The dutch revolt
2
Q
Why did the Northern Earls revolt?
A
- They wanted Catholicism restored in England
- They had lost a great deal of their influence
- Elizabeth refused to name an heir.
- MQS could potentially replace Elizabeth
3
Q
Who was Thomas Percy?
A
The Earl of Northumberland. He had lost a lot of influence in court and the rights to a copper mine found on his lands in 1567.
4
Q
Who was Charles Neville?
A
The Earl of Westmorland, he was from an important Catholic family.
5
Q
Who was Thomas Howard?
A
The Duke of Norfolk, protestant, he disliked newcomers in Elizabeth’s court.
6
Q
When did Robert Dudley inform Elizabeth of the plot (northern earls)?
A
September 1569
7
Q
What happened once Elizabeth knew about the plot?
A
Norfolk was arrested and sent to the tower of London.
8
Q
What were the key events of the revolt?
A
They marched on durham and took the cathedral and held mass, they then marched south however they were defeated by 14,000 troops loyal to the crown.
9
Q
How many rebels were executed after the revolt of the northern earls?
A
450
10
Q
When was Northumberland executed?
A
1572 in York
11
Q
When did the Pope excommunicate Elizabeth?
A
1570
12
Q
What was the significance of the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
A
- Treason laws became harsher and the definition was widened.
- First serious rebellion against Elizabeth.
- Prompted harsher treatment of Catholics
- Catholic loyalty was always in doubt.
13
Q
What was the significance of the Papal bull?
A
Since loyalty to both their religion and their queen was no longer possible doubt was cast over all english catholics.
14
Q
Who was Roberto Ridolfi?
A
An italian banker from florence living in England, he was also one of the pope’s spies.
15
Q
What was the plan for the Ridolfi plot?
A
Elizabeth would be murdered, a spanish invasion would be launched and MQS would be put on the throne.
16
Q
What actually happened with the Ridolfi plot?
A
Ridolfi had a letter declaring he was Catholic. Philip II told Alba to prepare 10,000 men to invade England. But william cecil uncovered the plot and by Autumn 1571 he had enough evidence to prove Norfolk’s guilt.
17
Q
When was Norfolk executed?
A
June 1572
18
Q
What was the significance of the Ridolfi plot?
A
- It reinforced the threat posed by Catholics.
- Reinforced the threat of Spain
- Because of the threat from Spain Elizabeth focused on improving her relations with France.
19
Q
What two laws were passed against Catholics in 1581?
A
- Recusants would now be fined £20
- Attempting to convert people to catholicism was now treason.
20
Q
What was the plan for the Throckmorton plot?
A
The French duke of Guise would invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism in England. Philip II would provide financial support. Francis Throckmorton would as a go-between, the pope also approved.
21
Q
Why did the Throckmorton plot fail?
A
Francis Walsingham’s agents found incriminating papers at Throckmorton’s house.
22
Q
When was Throckmorton arrested?
A
November 1583, he was executed in May 1584
23
Q
What was Throckmorton’s significance?
A
- The papers included a list of Catholic sympathisers in England.
- Life became harder for Catholics, 11,000 were imprisoned or kept under surveillance.
24
Q
What act did parliament pass in 1585 as a consequence of the Throckmorton plot?
A
Helping or sheltering Catholic priests was now punishable with death.
25
What was the plan for the babington plot?
It was centered on the murder of Elizabeth I, it also encouraged english catholics to rebel. The Duke of Guise would invade England with 60,000 men and put MQS on the throne, both Philip II and the pope supported it.
26
What happened with the Babington plot?
Anthony Babington wrote to MQS in July 1586 about the proposed plot, her letters were intercepted and read by Francis Walsingham. Once he has sufficient details about the plot, including the names of six catholics prepared to assassinate Elizabeth all involved were arrested.
27
When was MQS tried by the Privy council?
October 1586
28
What was the significance of the Babington plot?
- Spanish relations had already broken down so Elizabeth's situation was even more dangerous.
- Elizabeth's government became determined to crush Catholicism, mass arrests of recusants.
- MQS's execution ended any hope of replacing Elizabeth with a catholic heir.
29
How many recusants were arrested in North London after the babington plot?
300
30
How many priests were executed after the Babington plot?
31
31
When was the Act for the preservation of the queen's safety passed?
1585
32
What did the Act for the Preservation of the Queen's Safety state?
In the event of Elizabeth's assassination MQS was to be barred from succession, also, any action against MQS should only be taken once a commission had investigated her role in the plot, held a trial and found her guilty.
33
When was MQS executed?
8 February 1587
34
Why was MQS executed?
- Act for the Preservation of the Queen's Safety.
| - It was clear that Philip II was planning a major attack against England.
35
What was the Significance of MQS's execution?
- Removed an important threat to Elizabeth.
- Philip had been planning to invade England since 1585, her execution gave him another reason to remove Elizabeth from the throne. Mary also left her to claim to Philip.
36
By 1580 where did Walsingham have agents and how many?
He had agents in 12 towns in France, nine in Germany, four in spain, three in Italy and others in Algiers, Tripoli and Istanbul.
37
Who was John Hart?
He was a Catholic Priest who had been held in the Tower in 1581 and he offered his services as a spy in return for a pardon.
38
What were Agents Provocateurs?
Agents who had become part of groups suspected of wrongdoing, and encourage other members to break the law so that potential threats can be identified and arrested.
39
How many priests were executed during Elizabeth I's reign?
130 priests and 60 of their supporters were executed.
40
When were Catholic priests first smuggled into England?
1574
41
When was the sacking of Antwerp?
4 November 1576
42
When was the pacification of Ghent signed?
8 November 1576
43
When did John Casimir arrive in the Netherlands with 6,000 volunteers?
August 1577
44
When did Drake's circumnavigation of the globe begin?
December 1577
45
When did the Duke of Parma take charge in the Netherlands?
1579
46
When did Philip II take control of Portugal?
August 1580
47
When did Drake return from his circumnavigation of the globe?
November 1580
48
When did Elizabeth knight Drake on the Golden Hind?
1581
49
When did Alençon return to fight the Spanish with financial backing from Elizabeth?
1582
50
When did Alençon fail in the Netherlands?
June 1583
51
What were Elizabeth I's foreign policy aims?
- Developing and improving trade to benefit the English economy
- Protecting England's borders
- Protecting the English throne
- Avoiding war
52
Why did English merchants face trouble?
- Spain controlled the Netherlands and the New World.
53
When did Elizabeth hire Drake as a privateer?
1572
54
When Drake went to Panama after being hired as a privateer how much Spanish silver did he capture?
£40,000
55
When Drake returned home in 1580 how much Spanish treasure did he bring home?
£400,000
56
What was the significance of Drake's actions?
- England did not accept Spain's domination of the Americas.
- Showed England's strength as a seafaring nation.
- Boosted the Crown's finances
- Sent a strong message of defiance
57
Why did France want to be allied to England?
France was surrounded by Spanish territory except to the North.
58
Why did Spain want to be allied to England?
Because England's fleet could help protect its ships sailing in the Channel to the Netherlands.
59
How did Elizabeth apply pressure on Philip II?
- Indirectly helping dutch protestants resist the Spanish.
- By allowing English privateers to attack spanish shipping and colonies.
- Pursuing friendly relations with France
- By encouraging others to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands.
60
Why did the Dutch create the Pacification of Ghent?
After the spanish fury
61
What did the Pacification of Ghent demand?
- All spanish troops were to be expelled from the Netherlands.
- The restoration of political autonomy
- An end to religous persecution
62
How much did Elizabeth loan to the Dutch rebels?
£100,000
63
Why did Elizabeth agree to send an expeditionary force to the Netherlands?
To help ensure the pacification of Ghent was carried out.
64
When did Don Juan arrive in the Netherlands?
February 1577
65
What did Don Juan do when he arrived in the Netherlands?
He agreed to all the terms of the united provinces.
66
What dashed Elizabeths hopes of achieving her aims in the Netherlands?
Six months after agreeing to the terms, Philip sent a new army to attack.
67
What did Elizabeth do in response to Philip II's new army?
She hired a mercenary John Casimir and financed him to raise an army of 6,000 English and Scottish volunteers to help the Dutch.
68
How did Elizabeths plan with John Casimir backfire?
They wrecked Dutch Catholic churches, persuading the dutch catholics to make peace with Spain.
69
Why did the Spanish have the upper hand in 1579?
The Duke of Parma was a much more effective military leader.
70
What was the international situation in 1578?
- Spain was financially weak
- France and England were allies
- Don Juan's army was not very successful
- The dutch leader was popular and able to rally all the Dutch states.
- The duke of Alençon led an army into the netherlands to fight the Spanish.
71
What was the international situation in 1579?
- Spain was still financially weak
- France and England were allies
- Don Juan was replaced by the Duke of Parma.
- Spain's armies began making headway against the Dutch
- John Casimirs troops violently attacked catholic churches.
- The southern dutch provinces made peace with the spanish.
72
When did the Duke of Alençon come to England?
October 1581
73
How much did Elizabeth give Alençon in 1581?
£70,000
74
When did the Duke of Alençon die?
10 June 1584
75
When was William of Orange assassinated?
10 July 1584
76
What was the treaty of joinville?
The french catholic league signed it with Philip II to secure his help against french protestants. Effectively meant France and Spain were allied against protestantism.
77
How did the Duke of Alençon's death impact Elizabeth's foreign policy?
- He could no longer fight the Spanish in the Netherlands.
| - Religous war in France meant it was too unstable to be a useful ally to England.
78
What was the impact of William of Orange's assassination of Elizabeth's foreign policy?
- It showed how easy it was for a leader like Elizabeth to be assassinated.
- Dutch protestants needed a leader and looked to Elizabeth, she didn't want this.
- Without a leader the Dutch rebels could be defeated. Leaving England as Spain's next target.
79
What did the treaty of Nonsuch say?
Elizabeth agreed to intervene in the Netherlands on the side of the rebels. England would finance an army of 7,400 english troops.
80
Who did Elizabeth choose to help the Dutch?
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
81
Who did Philip tell of his intention to invade England at the end of 1585?
The pope
82
What was the treaty of Berwick?
- Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain protestantism as their countries religion.
- Elizabeth and James agreed to defend each other if invaded.
83
What did Leicester do in January 1586?
He accepted the title of Governor General of the Netherlands on Elizabeth's behalf. Elizabeth was furious: this implied she was deposing Philip as King of the Netherlands.
84
What was the importance of Parma's failure to capture deepwater ports?
It was important in the failure of the armada
85
Why was the English campaign in the Netherlands unsuccessful?
1. Elizabeth was never fully behind the rebels and didn't give enough funds.
2. Leicester and Elizabeth had different aims in the netherlands.
3. Relations were poor between the English and Dutch leaders because of Elizabeth's lack of commitment.
86
What was the singeing of the King of Spain's beard?
On 19 April drake sailed into Cadiz harbour and over 3 days destroyed 30 ships and a great deal of the fleet's provisions.
87
What was the significance of the singeing of the king of spain's beard?
It delayed the armada by a year and gave the english more time to prepare
88
What were Philip's religous reasons for launching the armada?
- Philip wanted to get rid of heresy.
- The papacy had wanted Elizabeth overthrown since excommunicating her in 1570.
- The pope promised to forgive the sins of those taking part in the armada.
89
What provoked Philip to launch the armada?
- Drake's actions in the new world.
| - Elizabeth's support for Dutch rebels since their rebellion began.
90
What were Philip's political reasons for launching the Armada?
- Treaty of Joinville 1584
- Treaty of Nonsuch 1585
- England would be a useful addition to Philip II's empire.
91
What were the circumstances that prompted the armada?
- Spain acquired Portugal in 1580
- Duke of Parma's success in the Netherlands
- Elizabeth's hesitation indicated England's weaknesses compared with Spain.
92
How many ships did Philip's armada have?
130
93
How many guns were in the armada?
2,431
94
How many men were involved in the armada?
30,000
95
What was the plan for the Armada?
It was ordered to sail along the English Channel to the Netherlands, it would then join up with the Duke of Parma and they would transport 27,000 troops to Kent and then Parma would march on London.
96
Why were the Spanish low on supplies?
The raid on Cadiz and they had already been at sea for over ten weeks by the time they engaged the english.
97
Why were communications between Medina-Sidonia and Parma unreliable?
They had to go by sea so they took a long time.
98
When was the Armada spotted in the English channel?
29 July 1588
99
Why was the battle at the Isle of Wight useful?
It stopped the Spanish from anchoring there and therefore the message reaching Parma in time.
100
What happened at the Battle of Gravelines?
On the night of 6 August the English sent fire ships and scattered the spanish fleet. On the 8 August the spanish fleet was defeated by the English.
101
Why should Philip take the blame for the defeat?
He ignored suggestions and concerns of his commanders.
102
What was the significance of the Armada's defeat?
- It was a propaganda victory for Elizabeth.
| - It showed the strength of the English navy
103
What were the reasons for the Armada's defeat?
- English naval tactics
- Elizabeth listened to expert advice
- Poor communication
- Weather
- Superior english ships
- Poor supplies
