Elementary Modern Physics Flashcards
Q: What are the main models of the atom and their limitations?
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Thomson’s Model (Plum Pudding Model): Proposes that atoms are a positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons embedded within.
Limitation: Does not explain atomic spectra or the stability of atoms. -
Rutherford’s Model: Describes the atom as having a small, dense nucleus with electrons orbiting around it.
Limitation: Does not account for the discrete energy levels or stability of electron orbits. -
Bohr’s Model: Introduces quantized orbits for electrons and explains spectral lines.
Limitation: Works well for hydrogen but fails for multi-electron atoms and more complex spectra.
What is the elementary structure of the atom?
The atom consists of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons orbiting in various energy levels.
How are X-rays produced?
X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons strike a metal target in an X-ray tube, causing the emission of X-ray radiation.
What are the properties and applications of alpha, beta, and gamma rays?
- Alpha Rays: Consist of helium nuclei, have high mass and charge, low penetration. Used in smoke detectors.
- Beta Rays: Consist of high-speed electrons or positrons, moderate penetration. Used in radiation therapy.
- Gamma Rays: High-energy photons, high penetration. Used in cancer treatment and nuclear imaging.
What is the difference between fusion and fission in terms of energy production?
Fusion: Combining light nuclei (e.g., hydrogen) to form heavier nuclei, releasing energy. Occurs in stars.
Fission: Splitting heavy nuclei (e.g., uranium) into lighter nuclei, releasing energy. Used in nuclear reactors.
What is electron diffraction?
The phenomenon where electrons exhibit wave-like behavior when passing through a crystal or slit, producing a diffraction pattern. This demonstrates the wave nature of particles.
