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NEBOSH Construction Certificate > Element 8 - Chemical & Biological Health > Flashcards

Element 8 - Chemical & Biological Health Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the different physical forms by which Chemicals are encountered?

A
  • Solids: a solid block of material (lead ingot).
  • Dusts: very small particles normally created by grinding, polishing, milling, blasting, etc. Capable of becoming airborne (flour or rock dust).
  • Fumes: very small metallic particles that condensed from the gaseous state during work with molten metal (welding) to create an airborne cloud.
  • Gases: a basic state matter, which expands to fill the space (carbon dioxide).
  • Mists: very small liquid droplets suspended in the air, normally created by spraying (paint spraying).
  • Vapours: the gaseous form of substance that exists as a solid or liquid at normal temperature and pressure (solvent vapour).
  • Liquids: a basic state matter, free flowing fluid (water).
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2
Q

Identify some Biological agents which can be hazardous to health?

A
  • Fungi.
  • Bacteria.
  • Viruses.
  • Prions.
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3
Q

List the main classifications of Chemicals hazardous to health?

A
  • Toxic.
  • Harmful.
  • Corrosive.
  • Irritant.
  • Carcinogenic.
    They can be BROADLY classified as:
  • Physico-chemical effects.
  • Health effects.
  • Environmental effects.
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4
Q

Explain the meaning of “Sensitising Agents”?

A
  • The chemical is capable of producing an allergic reaction that will gradually worsen on repeat exposures.
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5
Q

Outline the 2 groups of sensitising chemicals?

A
  • Respiratory sensitisers: Can cause asthma on inhalation into the lungs.
  • Skin sensitisers: Can cause allergic dermatitis on contact with the skin.
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6
Q

Give a definition of Asthma?

A

A condition where the airways of a persons lungs become irritated in response to a trigger, constricting in size and producing excess mucus, making breathing difficult.

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7
Q

Give the definition of “Dermatitis”?

A
  • A non-infectious skin condition where the skin becomes dry, flaky, cracked and painful. Usually reversible treatment.
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8
Q

What are the 2 main types of Dermatitis?

A
  • Primary contact dermatitis.

- Allergic or secondary contact dermatitis.

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9
Q

Identify the four main routes of hazardous substances entering the body?

A
  • Inhalation.
  • Ingestion.
  • Absorption through the skin.
  • Injection through the skin.
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10
Q

Outline the relevant sources of information when assessing exposure to hazardous substances?

A
  • Product labels.
  • HSE Guidance Note EH40.
  • Material Safety Data Sheets (SDS).
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11
Q

When making assessments and monitoring risks of exposure to hazardous substances, what equipment can be used?

A
  • Stain tube detectors.
  • Passive samplers.
  • Smoke tubes.
  • Dust-Monitoring equipment.
  • Dust lamps.
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12
Q

Identify the 2 main defence mechanisms the body has to combat attack by biological agents and chemicals?

A
  • Cellular defence (internal defence).

- Superficial defence (external defence).

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13
Q

Define “Time-Weighted Average”?

A
  • Average exposure to a contaminant over a specified period of time, usually a nominal 8 hours.
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14
Q

What are the “Occupational exposure limits - Workplace Exposure Limits) in the UK?

A
  • They are the maximum concentrations of airborne substances, averaged over a reference period, to which employees may be exposed by inhalation.
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15
Q

What do short term (15 min) exposure limits combat?

A
  • Sudden acute effects of exposure.
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16
Q

What do long term (8 hour) exposure limits combat?

A
  • Long term chronic effects.
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17
Q

What do COSHH Regulation require in order to prevent or control exposure?

A
  • That the “8 principles of good practice” are applied.
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18
Q

What does a typical Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) system consist of?

A
  • Intake hood.
  • Ductwork.
  • Filter system.
  • Fan.
  • Exhaust duct.
19
Q

What are the 2 main categories of RPE?

A
  • Respirators.

- Breathing apparatus.

20
Q

Identify the various types of respirators?

A
  • Filtering face-piece respirator.
  • Half-mask or ori-nasal respirator.
  • Full-face respirator.
  • Powered respirator.
21
Q

Identify the different types of breathing apparatus?

A
  • Fresh-air hose BA.
  • Compressed air BA.
  • Self-contained BA.
22
Q

Outline the factors affecting the suitability of RPE?

A
  • Concentration of the contaminant and it’s hazardous nature.
  • Physical form of the substance, e.g. Dust or vapour.
  • Level of protection offered by the RPE.
  • Presence or absence of normal oxygen concentrations.
  • Duration of time that it must be worn.
  • Compatibility with other items of PPE that must be worn.
  • Shape of the users face and influence on the fit.
  • Facial hair that might interfere with an effective seal.
  • Physical requirements of the job such as the need to move freely.
  • Physical fitness of the wearer.
23
Q

List the serious ill-health conditions that asbestos causes?

A
  • Asbestosis.
  • Lung cancer.
  • Mesothelioma.
  • Pleural plaques.
24
Q

List the duties of those who are responsible for managing asbestos on premises?

A
  • Identifying Asbestos-Containing Materials (ACM).
  • Recording their locations and condition.
  • Assessing the risks of exposure.
  • Making and implementing an asbestos management plan.
  • Providing information to those who might potentially be exposed.
25
Q

Who can carry out higher risk work on asbestos containing materials?

A
  • HSE licensed contractors…they must use a safe system of work.
26
Q

List other hazardous substances found in the workplace, that can cause severe ill-health to those exposed?

A
  • Blood borne viruses (Hep B).
  • Carbon monoxide.
  • Cement.
  • Legionella bacteria.
  • Leptospira bacteria.
  • Silica.
  • Wood dust.
27
Q

Define Zoonotic Disease or Zoonoses?

A
  • A disease which can be passed from animals to humans (e.g. Rabies).
28
Q

Define “Silica”?

A
  • A component of rock commonly encountered in the mining, quarrying, pottery and construction industries.
29
Q

Outline the hierarchy of “Waste Management”?

A
  • Waste prevention.
  • Preparing for re-use.
  • Recycling.
  • Other recovery.
  • Responsible disposal.
30
Q

What would be standard Asbestos Policy/Best Practice?

A
  • Substitute Asbestos with Non-Asbestos materials.

- Use Engineering Administrative controls & use PPE where substitution is not possible.

31
Q

What is Asbestos?

A
  • Mineral based material.
  • Resistant to Heat & Corrosive Chemicals.
  • Fibres range from coarse to silky.
32
Q

Where is Asbestos typically found?

A
  • Suspended ceilings.
  • Fireproof drapes/curtains.
  • Friction products (brakes, etc).
  • Piping, sewers, etc.
  • Insulation and lagging (high temperature machinery, boilers, etc.)
33
Q

What does Friability mean?

A

The likelihood that fibres will break loose and become airborne.

34
Q

What can lead to fibre release?

A
  • Chemical spills, leaks & fumes.
  • Fans & blowers.
  • Vibration.
  • Impact from other objects.
  • Drilling.
35
Q

How does Asbestos enter the body?

A
  • Inhalation.

- Ingestion.

36
Q

What is Mesothelioma?

A

A rare malignant tumour of the lung membrane which lines the chest and abdominal cavity.

37
Q

What is Asbestosis?

A

A progressively restrictive fibrosis of the lung and is recognised as a disabling and fatal occupational disease.

38
Q

What is Bronchial Lung Cancer?

A

A malignant tumour of the bronchial tubes.

39
Q

What should you do when working with Asbestos?

A
  • Dampen/wet the environment to prevent airborne emissions.
  • Do not Drink, Eat, Smoke, Apply creams etc.
  • Use PPE (full body coverall, hood, rubber gloves with inner pair, slip resistant plastic shoes/boots, face shields, vented googles, respiratory equipment).
  • Cordon/restrict access to areas where work is taking place.
  • Display warning signs on cordons.
  • Procedures in place for changing (Shower facilities, separate changing rooms, etc).
  • Have adequate disposal procedures in place.
  • Provide adequate training.
40
Q

Give some key disposal procedures?

A
  • Containers must be properly labelled with standard Asbestos warnings.
  • Asbestos waste containers must be colour coded for easy recognition.
  • Containers must be adequately wetted.
  • Double bagged in heavy duty plastic.
  • Exercise care when handling, so as to not rupture bags.
41
Q

What does COSHH require from employers?

A
  • To control exposures to hazardous substances.

- To protect both employees and others who may be exposed from work activities..

42
Q

What is a hazardous substance?

A

Anything that can harm your health when you work with them if they are not properly controlled.

43
Q

What must employers do in relation to hazardous substances?

A
  • What are the hazardous substances in the workplace.
  • What are the risks to people’s health.
  • Decide upon the precautions needed before work starts.
  • Prevent people’s exposure to hazardous substances. If this is not reasonably practicable, then they must CONTROL the exposure.
  • Control measures are used and maintained, safety procedures are followed.
  • Monitor exposure of employees.
  • Carry out health surveillance if required.
  • Prepare plans and procedures to deal with accidents, incidents and emergencies.
  • Make sure employees are properly informed, trained and supervised.

NEBOSH Construction Certificate (13 decks)

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