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Fund > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Electrolytes

A

Minerals in the body that can conduct electricity.
Found in urine, blood, tissues, as well as other
body fluids.
Include potassium, sodium, calcium, and
magnesium.
While naturally occurring in the body, can also be
found in food, drinks, and supplements

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2
Q

Electrolyte function

A

▪ Balancing the amount of water in the body.
▪ Balancing the body’s pH (acid/base) level.
▪ Moving waste out of body cells.
▪ Moving nutrients into body cells.
▪ Allowing the body’s muscles, heart, nerves, and
brain to function properly.

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3
Q

vasopressin

A

(the antidiuretic hormone). The vasopressin stimulates the kidneys to excrete less urine which helps to conserve water

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4
Q

Fluid and Electrolyte Transport- active vs passive

A
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5
Q

Fluid Compartments-interstitial (between/intravascular (inside), water
intoxification

A
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6
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

3.5-5.1 mEq/L Hypo and Hyperkalemia
ICF electrolyte.

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7
Q

Sodium (Na+)

A

135-145 mEq/L
conduct nerve impulses, contract and relax muscles, and maintain the proper balance of water and minerals.

Hypo (sodium deficit-body holds onto water, gain of water
Weakness, nausea, headache)

hypernatremia. (gain of sodium, loss of water- thirst, restlessness, fatigue)
Most abundant electrolyte in ECF

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8
Q

Calcium (Ca2+)

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dLn
Hypocalcemia (numbness, tingling of fingers, mouth and feet, muscle cramps)
Hypercalcemia (nausea, vomiting, thirst, confusion, bone pain)

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9
Q

Magnesium (Mg2+)

A

1.8-2.2 mg/Dallas

supporting muscle and nerve function and energy production

Hypomagnesemia (muscle weakness, tremors, seizures, heart block)
Hypermagnesemia (nausea, vomiting, weakness, flushing)

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10
Q

BUN

A

Blood urea nitrogen-measured for renal function

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11
Q

Creatinine

A

measure renal function

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12
Q

crystalloid solutions.

A

Small particles that can easily pass from the bloodstream into cells and tissues. Measured by tonic (iso, hypo, hyper)

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13
Q

Plasma

A

liquid portion of blood

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14
Q

Platelets or thrombocytes

A

stop or prevent bleeding

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15
Q

Blood Transfusion

A

check Vital signs before
use 20-gauge catheter
Always have two nurses
Prime tubing with normal Saline
25-50mL for first 15 min
Use within 30 minutes; hang < 4 hours
Stay with patient for first 5-15 min.
Observe for flushing, dyspnea,
itching, hives, rash, or any other complaints.
Check Vital signs 15mins after
increase rate so it fuses in less than 4 hours

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16
Q

CVADs

A

Central Venous Access Devices
PICC lines (peripherally inserted central catheter)
Admission of meds, blood , fluids via vein

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17
Q

Common Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

A

Kidney disease
* Lactic acidosis
* Diabetic acidosis – ketones that are acidic
build up when diabetes is uncontrolled
* Severe dehydration
* Severe diarrhea due to loss of too much
sodium bicarbonate

18
Q

Common Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

A
  • Diuretic overuse
  • Excess vomiting
  • Antacids
  • Loss of potassium or sodium from
    the body quickly
  • Ingestion of bicarbonate
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Laxatives
  • Heart, kidney, or liver failure
19
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

occurs when the carbon dioxide levels
in the body drop too low and may be a result of breathing too fast or too deep.

20
Q

Hyperventilation

A

or over breathing, is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis due to the action of
deep or rapid breathing ridding the body of too much carbon dioxide

21
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

When the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide from the body.
Common causes
➢ Airway diseases such as COPD & asthma
➢ Diseases that affect the chest and breathing ability such as scoliosis
➢ Diseases of the lung tissues
➢ Medicines that suppress breathing such as narcotics
➢ Severe obesity
➢ Obstructive sleep apnea

22
Q

CLABSI

A

Control Risk of Contamination &
Prevention Microorganisms from Entering into Bloodstream

23
Q

Peripheral Venous Access

A

Peripheral venous & Midline peripheral catheters
short term 72-96 hours
Not appropriate for vesicant chemotherapy,
irritant drugs, or TPN

24
Q

Central Venous Access Devices (CVAD)

A

– Peripherally Inserted Central Cather (PICC)
– Non-tunneled percutaneous central venous catheters
– Tunneled central venous catheter
– Implanted port
– Placement confirmed by x-ray

25
Q

Peripherally Inserted Central
Catheter (PICC)

A

Introduced via a peripheral vein in the arm (20” -46)
* Only changed if infection is suspected
* Inserted by a specially trained nurse or physician at the bedside or in IR (interventional radiology)
* Most popular for home care: 6 weeks - 6 months
Advantages
✓ Provide adequate hemodilution for medication administration
Disadvantages
✓ High Risk for Infection

26
Q

Extravasation

A

leakage of blood, lymph, or other fluid
Blistering, swelling

27
Q

Air embolism

A

blockage of blood supply due to air bubbles

28
Q

Speed Shock

A

sudden adverse reaction to IV medication

29
Q

Infiltration

A

leakage of IV solution in surrounding tissues
dislodged needle

30
Q

Phlebitis

A

inflammation of the vein

31
Q

Fluid overload

A

Engorged neck veins, increased blood pressure, difficulty in breathing,
possibly crackles auscultated in the lungs

32
Q

Carbonic acid–sodium bicarbonate
buffer system

A

The carbonic acid–sodium
bicarbonate buffer is the most important buffer system of the body, buffering as much as 90% of the hydrogen of ECF. Buffers attempt to bring a body fluid as close as possible to the pH of normal body fluid (7.35–7.45)

33
Q

Phosphate buffer system

A

active in ICF, (renal tubules) Converts alkaline solution phosphate a weak base to acid-sodium phosphate in the kidneys

34
Q

Protein Buffer System

A

mixture of plasma proteins and hemoglobin, Minimize changes in pH.

35
Q

Central venous access devices

A

provide access for a variety of IV fluids,
medications, blood products, and TPN
solutions and allow a means for
hemodynamic monitoring and blood
sampling

36
Q

hypophosphatemia

A

Low levels of phosphate in blood

neuromuscular dysfunction; weakness, especially respiratory muscles; fatigue; myocardial depression; ventricular dysrhythmias; rhabdomyolysis; confusion, coma; decreased oxygen delivery to tissues; renal loss of bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and glucose; bone changes (osteomalacia); and endocrine changes (insulin resistance).

37
Q

Hypernatremia solution

A

.33% or .45% normal saline

38
Q

Hyponatremia

A

0.9% NaCl normal saline

39
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A

Reduces stomach acid
to relieve heartburn, sour stomach, or acid indigestion by neutralizing excess stomach acid

40
Q

Circulatory overload

A

When doing blood transfusion, too much blood administer causes:
Dyspnea, dry cough, and pulmonary edema
Slow or stop infusion, monitor vital signs, notify doc. Place patient in upright position

41
Q

Access fluids

A

Moist crackles heard upon auscultation

Fund (8 decks)

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