Elbow & Forearm Flashcards
What are the important proximal anatomical parts of the humerus?
- Head of humerus
- Greater tuberosity
- Lesser tuberosity
- Neck (anatomical & surgical)
- Deltoid tuberosity
What are the important distal anatomical parts of the humerus?
- Medial epicondyle
- Lateral epicondyle
- Trochlea
- Capitulum
- Radial fossa
- Coronoid fossa
- Olecranon fossa
What are the important anatomical parts of the ulna?
- Olecranon
- Trochlear notch
- Coronoid process
- Radial notch
- Ulnar tuberosity
- Styloid process
What are the important anatomical parts of the radius?
- Head of the radius
- Neck of radius
- Radial tuberosity
- Styloid process
What are the 3 joints at the elbow?
Ulnohumeral joint
Radio humeral joint
Proximal radioulnar joint
What are parts of the elbow joint capsule?
Synovial sheath/fluid
Synovial lining
Articulate cartilage
What is the articulation at the elbow?
Middle radioulnar joint
Are all the elbow joints in one joint capsule?
Yes
What is normal elbow ROM extension?
-5 (10) degrees to 0 degrees
What is normal elbow ROM flexion?
0 degrees to 150 degrees
What is normal elbow ROM pronation?
0 (neutral) degrees to 90 degrees
What is normal elbow ROM supination?
0 (neutral) degrees to 90 degrees
What is elbow carrying angle?
The valgus relationship between the upper and lower arm
What is attributed to cause carrying angle?
The relationship between humerus & ulna
What are normal carrying angles?
Males are 5-10 degrees
- pitchers may be >15 degrees in throwing arm
Females are 10-15 degrees
What shape is made with the Olecranon process and lateral/medial epicondyle at 90 degree elbow flexion?
And isosceles triangle
What shape is made with the Olecranon process and lateral/medial epicondyle at 0 degree elbow flexion?
A straight line
What are the 3 elbow ligaments?
Ulnar Collateral Ligament (3 parts)
Radial Collateral Ligament
Annular Ligament
What are the 3 parts of the UCL?
Anterior
Posterior
Transverse (inferior)
What does the anterior UCL do?
Primary UCL stabilizer against valgus stress
When is the anterior UCL taut?
Extension
When is the posterior UCL taut?
Flexion
What does the transverse UCL act as?
It’s nonfunctional but is an attachment site
What does the RCL do?
Stabilizes RH joint
What does the annular ligament do?
Stabilizes RU joint
What is a goose egg deformity?
When the Olecranon bursa bursts and causes a goose egg to form on the back of the elbow
Does the elbow have an interosseus membrane?
Yes
What does the interosseous membrane act as?
A point of attachment
What are the bursa at the elbow?
Olecranon bursa
Biceps bursa
What are the 3 elbow flexors?
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
What are the elbow extensors?
Triceps
Anconeus
What muscles do supination?
Supinator
Biceps
What muscles do pronation?
Pronator Teres
Pronator Quadratus
What is the common flexor attachment site?
Medial epicondyle
What are the forearm muscles for wrist and extrinsic finger flexion?
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
What is the common attachment site for the extensor supinator mass?
Lateral epicondyle
What are the forearm muscles that act as extensors of the wrist and fingers?
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum communi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digiti minimi
What are the borders of the antecubital fossa?
Superior- imaginary line between epicondyles
Lateral- brachioradialis
Medial- Pronator teres
Where is the antecubital fossa?
The anterior part of elbow (elbow pit)
Where is the cubital fossa?
The posterior portion of arm (the elbow)
What nerves innervate the arm and forearm?
Musculocutaneous
Radial
Ulnar
Median
What are the myotomes & dermatomes for the musculocutaneous nerve?
Myo: coracobrachialis & biceps brachii
Derma: lateral forearm
What are the myotomes & dermatomes for the radial nerve?
Myo: elbow, wrist, finger extensors
Derma: dorsal surface of thumb, index finger, long finger, radial 1/2 of ring finger
What are the myotomes & dermatomes for the ulnar nerve?
Myo: FCU, ulnar 1/2 of FDP, hand intrinsics except thenar eminence
What are the myotomes & dermatomes for the median nerve?
Myo: flexor pronator mass & thenar eminence
Derma: radial side of palmar surface of hand
What three arteries go through the arm and forearm?
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
What pulses can you feel for in the arm and forearm?
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar (hardest to find)
