Effects of Maltreatment: Resilience Flashcards
What is Developmental Psychopathology
Study of both maladaptive and adaptive developmental trajectories
What is Multifinality
Multifinality: individuals with same experience may have different outcomes
- Influenced by biological and psychological processes, subsequent/past experiences, social context, timing of experiences, etc.
What is Resilience
The capacity of a dynamic system to withstand or recover from significant challenges that threaten its stability, viability, or development
Positive adaptation despite experiencing adversity that typically disrupts development
What are some examples of Resilience
- Positive outcomes from high-risks context
- Recovery from trauma
- Overcoming adversity to succeed in life
- Unexpected positive development
Why study Resilience
- Better understand developmental theory
- Informing design and implementation of intervention programs
Resilience is not fixed or stable
- Can move from not resilient to resilient, and from resilient to not resilient
- By definition, resilience requires some adverse experience
How is Resilience measured?
Competence with regard to developmentally salient tasks: a pattern of effective functioning as demonstrated by successfully engaging and achieving developmental tasks for people of a given age, culture, and time in history
How is Competence measured through the stages of childhood?
- Infant: Formation of secure attachment
- Toddler: Development of effective problem-solving
- Preschool: Initiation of positive peer relationships
- School-age: Average academic performance
How is Competence measured in adulthood
-Employment
-No homelessness
-High school graduation
-Social activity
-No psychiatric disorder
-No substance abuse
-No arrest
-No self-reported violence
Self-report of personal characteristics that increase resilience in the face of adversity
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
Low resilience scores associated with sleep quality and mental health
What are the 10-items on the Connor-Davidson Scale
- Able to adapt to change
- Can deal with whatever comes
- Tries to see humorous side of problems
- Coping with stress can strengthen me
- Tends to bounce back after illness or hardship
- Can achieve goals despite obstacles
- Can stay focused under pressure
- Not easily discouraged by failure
- Thinks of self as a strong person
1O. Can handle unpleasant feelings
What are Individual level predictors of Resilience?
- Intelligence
- Self-control (executive functioning)
- Self-esteem, confidence, self-efficacy
- Hope, positive thinking
- Motivation
- Genetic protective factors
What are Family level predictors of Resilience?
Parent-child relationships
- Responsive parenting
Other close relationships
- Quality of peer relationships
- At least one reciprocal peer relationship
-Romantic partner
What are Community level predictors of Resilience?
- Peer relationships
- Teacher relationships
- Effective schools
- Safe communities, resource availability
What was the background of the research conducted by Miller et al?
-Children raised in low-SES families go on to have high rates of chronic illness as adults
But, a sizeable minority of low-SES children remain health across the life-span
What was the research question for the Miller et al study?
What factors account for such resilience?
- Upward socioeconomic mobility?
- Parental nurturance?
How many Participants were in Miller et al. research study?
- Participants: 1205 middle-aged Americans
What was the main predictor of the Miller et al research study?
Main predictor: Childhood SES (parental educational attainment)
What was the main outcome measure?
Main outcome measure:
- Metabolic syndrome
- Central adiposity (weight around the mid-section)
And at least 2 out of 4 additional health issues:
- High blood pressure
- Raised triglyceride levels
- Raised fasting-glucose levels
- Low high-density lipoprotein levels
What were the moderators in the Miller et al study?
- Parental nurturance
“How much did he/she understand your problems and worries?”
“How much time and attention did he/she give you when you needed it?”
- Socioeconomic mobility
Moving from low to high SES
Does childhood SES predict adult metabolic syndrome?
Yes
As you go from lower to higher education, the risk of metabolic syndrome components decrease
Are there individuals from low-SES backgrounds that are resilient to metabolic syndrome?
Yes
- Lower income can still be resilient to these symptoms
Does upward social mobility protect against metabolic syndrome for low childhood SES?
No
- Moving to a higher SES did not change the fact that the child grew up in a low SES
Does parental nurturance protect against metabolic syndrome for low childhood SES?
Yes
- If you have a nurturing relationship even if they have low education levels you still have fewer symptoms
What are the conclusions of Miller et al. research study?
-Parental nurturance serves as a buffer from health consequences for individuals from low-SES backgrounds.
This is a clear example of resilience…
- Low SES leads to Health issues
- Some low-SES individuals don’t have health issues
- Parental nurturance is a factor that predicts individuals’ resilience
How is Resilience built?
- Facilitating supportive adult-child relationships
- Building a sense of self-efficacy and perceived control
- Providing opportunities to strengthen adaptive skills and self-regulatory capacities
-Mobilizing sources of faith, hope, and cultural traditions
