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Nursing II > EENT > Flashcards

EENT Flashcards

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1
Q

leading cause of blindness in the US

A

Glaucoma

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2
Q

What can develop secondary as a result of an infection, inflammation, tumor, hemorrhage or trauma?

A

Glaucoma

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3
Q

Who is at risk for open-angled glaucoma

A

People over 40 yrs old, hereditary links, African-Americans

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4
Q

Does open-angled glaucoma happen fast or gradual?

A

Its a problem that happens gradually

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5
Q

What is open-angled glaucoma

A

chronic, gradual increase of IOP

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6
Q

What happens if you have glaucoma?

A

Tunnel-vision, increased IOP & gradual loss of vision

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7
Q

What tests are done to see if you have glaucoma?

A

Eye exam, Dilated eye exam, Tonometry (measurement of tension)

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8
Q

Open-Angle medications

A

Miotics: Pilocarpine; Beta-adrenergic blockers: Timolol; Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Diamox

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9
Q

Miotic is a drug category used for what? And what is an example of a Miotic

A

constricting pupils; Pilocarpine-Reduces IOP

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10
Q

What is an example of a Beta-adrenergic blocker & what is its function

A

Timolol: decreases the production of aqueous humor

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11
Q

What is an example of a Carbonic amhydrase inhibitor & what is its function

A

Diamox: decreases queous humor

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12
Q

if Open-angle cannot be controlled by eye drops then what surgical treatment is available

A

Trabeculoplasty (argon laser) which is the preferred ethod, outpatient, no incision OR Trabeculectomy which is a permanent fistula

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13
Q

Does Angle-closure happen fast or gradually?

A

Fast, its a medical emergency, if not treated right away it can cause permanent damage to eyes

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14
Q

What causes angle-closure?

A

the iris bows forward & cuts off eye angle completely which prevent the aqueous humor to drain

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15
Q

What does angle-closure cause

A

IOP

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16
Q

What medication is given to patients who are having angle-closure surgery?

A

Mininitol-given IV

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17
Q

What type of surgery is used for angle-closure?

A

Iridoctomy(laser): iris segment is removed

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18
Q

Cataracts

A

blurry

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19
Q

What does the eye look like with someone who has cataracts?

A

white/yellowish

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20
Q

Who is likely to get Cataracts

A

old people, people who have UVB damage, trauma, diabetics

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21
Q

Cataract manifestations

A

Decreased vision, Glare, dimness, Difficulty adjusting from light to dark (“I cant drive at night, its too dark”) & frequent prescription to eyewear changes

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22
Q

What can determine cataracts during a opthalmoscopic exam?

A

Change in lens color, absent red reflex. this exam is done when the Dr. turns off the light & tells you to look ahead & shines a light in eye

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23
Q

What do you teach patient during periop for cataract surgery

A

Teach patient how to put in eye drops, give local anesthetic, they will have limited visual field postop, no straining, bending, lifting, no driving

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24
Q

Treatment option for Cataracts?

A

Surgery is the only option. The intraocular lens gets replaced

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25
Q

Cataract surgery post op eye drops

A

maxitrol

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26
Q

The patient should be in what position after cataract surgery?

A

Semi fowlers

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27
Q

What kind of pain med is given post op with cataract surgery

A

Tylenol for mild discomfort

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28
Q

What is a detached retina?

A

Small holes or tears in the retina. Looks like a curtain is being pulled over eye

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29
Q

Which eye problems are medical emergencies

A

Angle-closure glaucoma & a detached retina

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30
Q

What treatments are offered for a detached retina?

A

laser photocoagulation, cryopexy (intense cold) & pneumatic retinopexy (gas bubble)

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31
Q

laser photocoagulation, cryopexy (intense cold) & pneumatic retinopexy (gas bubble) are used to treat?

A

detached retina

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32
Q

advanced detached retina treatment options

A

Scleral buckling & virectomy

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33
Q

Scleral buckling & virectomy are used to treat?

A

Advanced detached retina

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34
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Cant see center. There is a big black thing in center of view. It eventually gets bigger

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35
Q

Treatment goals for a detached retina

A

try to prevent it from getting worse

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36
Q

treatment goals for macular degeneration

A

try to prevent form getting worse

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37
Q

Treatment options for macular degeneration

A

intraocular injections, eye drops, photodynamic therapy, surgery, vitamin & mineral supplements

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38
Q

intraocular injections, eye drops, photodynamic therapy, surgery, vitamin & mineral supplements are used to treat?

A

Macular degeneration

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39
Q

A healthy ear drum looks

A

clear, shiny, pearly gray

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40
Q

Otitis media with effusion

A

sterile fluid builds up in the middle ear

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41
Q

Symptoms of otitis media with effusion

A

popping or snapping noises, decreased hearing, can cause perforation if not treated

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42
Q

What happens to the Tympanic membrane (ear drum) If perforation occurs

A

it ruptures therefore nothing is protecting us from middle ear

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43
Q

Is otitis media with effusion an acute infection?

A

No

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44
Q

Acute otitis media can be caused by

A

strep, pneumonia, haemophilic influenze & Moraxella catarrhalis, exposure to smoke, pus formation, followed by URI

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45
Q

If acute otitis media is not resolved for more than 3 months what does it lead to?

A

Chronic otitis media

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46
Q

What does an ear drum (tympanic membrane) look like in acute otitis media?

A

Red, inflamed, dull, bulging, decreased movement

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47
Q

Symptoms of acute otitis media

A

elevated temp, diminished hearing, dizziness, tinnitus (ringing), vertigo, possible perforation, severe pain

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48
Q

Otitis Media treatments

A

antibiotic therapy-up to 10 days, local heat application, analgesics, antipyretics, decongestants, possible corticosteriods

49
Q

What do we want to prevent in ear infections?

A

Chronic ear infections

50
Q

What is a huge concern in macular degeneration?

A

Safety

51
Q

Does an ear infection have to be cleared up before surgery?

A

Yes

52
Q

surgical treatments for otitis media

A

tympanocentesis, myringotomy

53
Q

Tympanocentesis

A

drainage of fluid from the middle ear by using a small gauge needle to puncture the tympanic membrane

54
Q

Myringotomy

A

tubes put in ears

55
Q

what is the purpose of ear tubes

A

It is placed in the ear drum to allow for air to enter & keep middle ear healthy by preventing fluid from collecting in the middle ear

56
Q

After getting ear tubes, ears should not get…

A

wet.

57
Q

Sinusitis usually occurs after what?

A

a URI/flu

58
Q

What causes your sinuses to become infected?

A

swelling of the sinuses block drainage openings & so the sinuses fill with fluid. Bacteria will start growing in the fluid & the sinuses will become infected and produce a foul smelling mucus.

59
Q

How does bacteria spread to the sinus?

A

openings in the nasal turbinates

60
Q

Sinusitis risk factors

A

smoking, habitual use of nasal sprays, swimming/diving trauma, rhinitis, nasal polyps, immunocompromised people

61
Q

Symptoms of sinusitis

A

pain, halitosis (bad breath), N/V r/t swallowed drainage, purulent discharge, nasal congestion,

62
Q

Potential complications with sinusitis

A

meningitis, orbital cellulitis/abscess (looks like a big welt on eye), osteomyelitis (inflammation of bone), brain abscess, venous sinus thrombosis

63
Q

orbital cellulitis/abscess

A

looks like a big welt on eye

64
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone

65
Q

endoscopic sinus surgery options

A

irrigation, Caldwell-Luc, sphenoethmoidectomy

66
Q

epistaxis

A

bloody nose

67
Q

what can cause a bloody nose?

A

picking nose, trauma, during respiratory illness, during strenuous exercise, in conjunctive with a systemic disease(hypertension, coagulation disorders), sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, substance abuse

68
Q

What are some interventions for a bloody nose?

A

put pressure to anterior nasal septum, alleviate fear, choking sensation, apply ice for vasoconstriction, calm individual to stop crying which will reduce pressure in blood vessels & allow bleed to stop sooner

69
Q

Bloody nose treatment?

A

Epinephrine may be applied topically, inflatable balloon, nasal pack (tampon etc), surgical cautery

70
Q

Epinephrine may be applied topically, inflatable balloon, nasal pack are treatments for?

A

a bloody nose

71
Q

which two infectious conditions pertain to nasal packing?

A

toxic shock syndrome & bacterial rhinosinusitis

72
Q

Pharyngitis

A

acute inflammation of pharynx

73
Q

how is pharyngitis spread?

A

droplet nuclei

74
Q

Pharyngitis treatment options

A

hydration, rest, antipyretics, mild analgesics, antibiotics, rapid throat culture is done

75
Q

How many hours after taking an antibiotic is the patient not contagious?

A

24 hours

76
Q

Potential complications of pharyngitis

A

acute streptococcal glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, toxic shock syndrome, scarlet fever, abscess

77
Q

acute streptococcal glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, toxic shock syndrome, scarlet fever, abscess are potential complications for?

A

Pharyngitis

78
Q

tonsillitis

A

acute inflammation of the palatine tonsils

79
Q

how is tonsillitis spread by? is it a bacteria or virus

A

droplet nuclei. Usually due to streptococcal infection

80
Q

Pharyngitis is caused by bacteria or virus?

A

bacteria. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus ( strep throat)

81
Q

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (strep throat) causes

A

pharyngitis

82
Q

pharyngeal tonsils are also called

A

Adenoids

83
Q

how many pairs of tonsils do you have?

A

3

84
Q

tonsillitis symptoms

A

sore throat, halitosis, fever, headache, decrease in appetite, N/V, dysphagia (inability to swallow), redness or drainage in throat, stomach ache

85
Q

dysphagia

A

inability to swallow

86
Q

Tonsillitis diagnostics

A

CBC, throat C/S, monospot & chest xray with respiratory complications

87
Q

non-surgical management of tonsillitis

A

warm saline throat gargles, analgesics, antipyretics, lozenges for topical relief, antibiotics

88
Q

surgical management of tonsillitis

A

remove palatine tonsillitis/adenoids

89
Q

When would you surgically remove palatine tonsillitis/adenoids?

A

its obstructing airway, recurrent acute/chronic infections that aren’t responding to antibiotics, abscess, malignancy (tonsil cancer)

90
Q

adenotonsillectomy

A

surgical removal of tonsils & adeniods

91
Q

First line of treatment for snoring in children?

A

adenotonsillectomy. It provides temporary relief

92
Q

What happens to children who gain weight rapidly after having a adenotonsillectomy to treat snoring?

A

They can relapse or get worse

93
Q

best position to have child postop after adenotonsillectomy & second best position

A

prone (face down) with head turned to side, next best: on side with head turned

94
Q

1 concern after adenotonsillectomy post op?

A

bleeding, its not obvious

95
Q

What do you check for adenotonsillectomy pre-op

A

loose teeth

96
Q

What kinds of sugery for adenotonsillectomy

A

laser, ligation ( process of binding or tying), dissection & snare, for adenoids-curette (scraping)

97
Q

adenotonsillectomy post op care

A

container for expectoration of bloody slavia, observe for obstructions, talking crying can increase pain, diet

98
Q

What discharge instructions do you give patient who had a adenotonsillectomy

A

observe for frequent swallowing, clearing throat, increasing restlessness, elevated pulse rate, no toast or anything with crumbs, caution dairy, soft food only, can use an ice pack & liquid analgesia

99
Q

How long does a patient who had a adenotonsillectomy have to wait until they can go back to school & why?

A

10 days. risk of hemorrhage occurs between 5-7 days due to sloughing of tissue (adults more likely to do this)

100
Q

What symptoms should a patient who had a adenotonsillectomy call the Dr?

A

Fever, pain, bleeding

101
Q

Cerumen

A

substance secreted by glands at the outer third of the ear canal

102
Q

Diplopia

A

2 images seen at the same time

103
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the mucus membrane that lines eyelid

104
Q

chalazion

A

a benign lesion developing on eyelids

105
Q

cycloplegic

A

paralysis of the bladder

106
Q

enucleation

A

eye removal

107
Q

exophthalmos

A

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

108
Q

Hordeolum

A

a sty; localized inflammation of glands in eyeball

109
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

110
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing

111
Q

retinopathy

A

any noninflammatory retinal damage. can cause loss of vision

112
Q

strabismus

A

cant focus?

113
Q

ptosis

A

dropping of organ

114
Q

presbyopia

A

permanent loss of accommodation that occurs when people are in their 40s

115
Q

optician

A

specializes filling prescriptions

116
Q

ophthalmologist

A

specializes in treating eye disorders

117
Q

nystagmus

A

eye movement back & forth

118
Q

myopia

A

cant see up close

119
Q

Ketorolac (Toradol)

A

Don’t give to patients c heart disease. Only can be given for 5 days. Relieves pain. NSAID

Nursing II (16 decks)

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