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Nursing II > Cancer Part I > Flashcards

Cancer Part I Flashcards

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1
Q

Neoplasia

A

abnormal growth that doesn’t respond to normal growth control mechanisms

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2
Q

Benign

A

growth is limited May cause damage if presses on nearby tissue. ex: kid has a benign brain tumor that causes extensive respiratory depression from increased pressure on the respiratory center

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3
Q

Malignant

A

cancerous

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4
Q

neoplasm

A

new abnormal growth (benign or malignant)

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5
Q

second hand smoke & asbestos causes what in kids

A

lung cancer

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6
Q

In kids, tumors most frequently occur in organs unexposed to the environment such as..

A

leukemia of the bloodstream, nephroblastoma of the kidney, brain tumors or neuroblastoma in the abdomen

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7
Q

Cell mutation theory

A

Carcinogenic agents + heredity=aalter cells

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8
Q

Carcinogenic

A

producing cancer. viruses, radiation or chemical, physical, genetics, drugs, diet, hormones,

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9
Q

Onocogenic viruses

A

caner-causing viruses change the DNA or RNA structure

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10
Q

C type RNA viruses may be involved in

A

leukemia

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11
Q

Epstein-Barr virus, a DNA virus may be involved with

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

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12
Q

C type RNA & Epstein-Barr virus is supported by?

A

The fact that an immunodeficient state increases the risk for development of a neoplastic growth

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13
Q

The development of cancer is linked to the failure of the normal immune system. (the “hey I know you” system) Possible by

A

Aging, tumor cells may not be recognized, tumor cells may suppress the immune system

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14
Q

Who is at risk for cancer?

A

Organ transplant patient, AIDS/Autoimmune Patients, Elderly

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15
Q

Common childhood cancer

A

Wilms tumor

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16
Q

angiogenesis is what and what stage does it happen in? (Initiation, promotion o Progression)

A

tumor forms blood vessels to provide access for oxygen & nutrients. This process is also called neovascularization. Happens in Progrssion stage

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17
Q

autonomy

A

loss of normal controls & rxns that inhibit growth & spreading; property of cancer cells

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18
Q

Stages of cells

A

G1:Protein & RNA is synthesized, S: DNA is synthesized, G2:mitotic spindle forms occur M:Mitosis occurs

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19
Q

VEGF

A

Targets proteins that help supply the blood & nutrients to tumor (angiogenesis) & so tumor dies

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20
Q

antineoplastic agents

A

designated to fight neoplasms (cancer cells), they kill normal cells are well. Used as palliative care when tumor is too big to cure

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21
Q

onocogenic viruses

A

cancer-causing viruses that change the DNA or RNA in a cell. (C Type RNA & Epstein-Barr virus)

22
Q

The development of cancer is linked to the failure of the normal immune system possible by?

A

Age, Tumor cells may not be recognized, tumor cells may suppress the immune system

23
Q

Rapid multiplying cells

A

Gi system, Hair, skin, bone marrow

24
Q

slow cells

A

breast, testies, ovaries

25
Q

DES Diethylstilbestrol is the cause of what type of cancer

A

vaginal carcinomas

26
Q

Stages of carcinogenesis

A

initiation, promotion, progression

27
Q

initiation stage of carcinogenesis

A

carcinogens alter the cell DNA-it can repair itself but if not it leads to promotion

28
Q

Promotion stage of carcinogenesis

A

repeated exposure causes the expression of mutant gene formation “on switch” for cellular growth

29
Q

Progression stage of carcinogenesis

A

exhibit increased malignant behaviors (invading, metastasizing)

30
Q

Carcinogens

A

agents that initiate or promote cellular transformation

31
Q

well differentiated

A

resemble normal cells. Grade 1. You can tell which cells they are, liver cells etc

32
Q

least differentiated

A

the loss of similarity to normal cells, Grade 4, cant tell which cells they came from

33
Q

Unproductive cellular alterations

A

hyperplasia, metaplasia,dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia. Can reverse after irritation is removed or can lea to malignancy esp with dysplasia

34
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

recognize tumor-associated antigens

35
Q

Lymphokines

A

produced by lymphocytes can kill cancer cells, & mobilize macrophages

36
Q

Interferon

A

produced by the body to fight viruses, has some antitumor properties

37
Q

Antibodies are produced by

A

B-Lymphocytes

38
Q

NK (Natural Killer) cells

A

major defense against cancer cells, they produce lymphokines & enzymes

39
Q

Incisional biopsy

A

part of tumor

40
Q

Excisional biopsy

A

all of tumor

41
Q

Tumor grading, G1, G2, G3, G4

A

resembles tissue of origin, moderately resembles tissue of origin, poorly resembles tissue of origin, undifferentiated

42
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

glandular malignancy

43
Q

TNM staging is only good for which type of cancer

A

carinomas

44
Q

T is in situ

A

tumor is in the skin, not in tissue just skin

45
Q

T 1-4

A

tumors different size and shape

46
Q

most common spread of malignant cells

A

lymphatic spread

47
Q

N1a-N2a

A

regional node involvement no mets

48
Q

N1b-3b

A

regional node involvement suspect mets

49
Q

characteristics of cancer cells

A

nucleus is enlarged, surface enzymes aid in invasion & mets, loss of labeling antigens (self), ^rate of anaerobic metabolism, decreased inhibition (stop cell division when contacting another cell), defect in cell recognition & adhesion, loss of control in proliferation, increased mitotic index (large # of cells in mitosis), abnormal life span

50
Q

Origin of cancer cell

A

monoclonal origin ( arising from a single cell), Proto-oncogenes (“on-switch” for cell growth), Tumor suppressor genes (“turn-off switch” for unneeded cell growth

Nursing II (16 decks)

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