EENT Flashcards
are a key sensory organ, feeding information to your brain about the outside world.
Eye
Parts of the eye
Cornea
Sclera
Conjunctiva
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Vitreous Humor
Retina
Macula
Optic Nerve
External Muscles
This protects the inside of your eye like a windshield.
Cornea
a part of the eye that bends light as it enters your eyes
Cornea
This is the white part of your eye that forms the general shape and structure of your eyeball
Sclera
This clear, thin layer covers the sclera and lines the inside of your eyelids.
Conjunctiva
This parts contains the muscles that control the size of your pupil. Its also responsible for your eye color
Iris
Colors of the iris
Brown, blue, Green
This is the black circle inside the iris. its like an adjustable window inside of your eye. it widens and narrows to control how much light enters your eye
Pupil
This focuses light that enters your eye and directs it to the back of your eye
Lens
This clear, gel-like fluid fills the space between the lens and retina. it helps your eye hold its shape.
Vitreous Humor
This thin layer of light sensitive cells at the back of your eyes converts light into electrical signals. It contains rods (which help you see in low light) and cones (helps you see colors)
Retina
a part of the retina that helps you see in low light
Rods
a part of the retina that helps you see color
Cones
Where are cones and rods found
In the Retina
This small area of your retina is key to your vision. its responsible for the center of your visual field. It also helps you see color and fine details
Macula
This connects your retinas to your brain. It’s like the data cable that carries signals from your eyes, with connection points linking to multiple brain areas.
Optic nerve
These controls your eye’s position, alignment and movement. They also contribute to your eye’s shape, which is part of your ability to switch your vision’s focus between near and far objects
External Muscles
are paired organs located o n each side of your head, which help with hearing and balance.
Ear
Three main parts of the ear
Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
What separates the outer and middle ear
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
the part of your ear that is most visible. It’s what most people mean when they say “ear”. consists of ridged cartilage and skin, and it contains glands that secrete earwax, its funnel shaped canal leads to your eardrum, or tympanic membrane.
Outer ear (external ear)
What is the outer ear also called
The auricle or pinna
begins on the other side of your tympanic membrane (eardrum).
Middle Ear
three tiny bones in the middle ear.
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
They transfer sound vibrations from your eardrum to you inner ear.
Malleus, Incus, and stapes.
What does the middle ears house? that help equalize the air pressure in your ears
Eustachian Tubes
purpose of Eustachian tubes
Help equalize the air pressure in your ears
contains two main parts, Cochlea and semicircular canals.
Inner ear
The hearing organ, this snail shaped structure contains two fluid filled chambers with tiny hairs.
Cochlea
Also known as the labyrinthine, are responsible for balance. They tell your which direction your head is moving
Semicircular canals
The nose is made up of
External Meatus
External Nostrils
Septum
Nasal passages
Triangular shaped projection in the center of the face
External Meatus
Two chambers divided by the septum
External Nostrils
Made up mainly of cartilage and bone and covered by mucous membranes. The cartilage also gives shape and support to the outer part of the nose
Septum
Passages that are lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs (cilia) that help to filter the air
Nasal passages
Helps filter the air
cilia
The throat is made up of
Tonsils and Adenoids
Voice box
Epiglottis
Both are made up of lymph tissue and are located at the back of the throat.
Tonsils and adenoids
located all the way at the back of the nose at the very top of the throat.
Adenoids
Are in the back of the mouth on either side of the throat, They protect against infection but have minimal function after childhood
Tonsils
Is a cylindrical grouping of cartilage, muscles, and soft tissue that contains the vocal cords. The vocal cords are the upper opening into the windpipe (trachea), the passageway to the lungs
Voice box (Larynx)
a flap of soft tissue just above the vocal cords to prevent food and irritants from entering the lungs
Epiglottis
a ring like muscular tube, the passageway of food, air, and liquid. it also helps in forming speech
Throat
Physical assessment interview data (subjective)
To investigate a complaint about the eyes, ears, nose and throat, ask about the onset, location, duration, and characteristics of the symptom as well as what aggravates and relieves it
History of:
Corrective lenses, blurred vision, blind spots, floaters, double vision, eye injury, eye surgery.
Ear discharge, vertigo, ear problem, or injury
Bleeding, sore gums, tongue ulcers, bad taste, bad breath, toothaches, hoarseness, facial swelling.
Physical assessment Physical data (objective)
Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
The degree of detail the eye can discern an image
Visual acuity
The ability of the eyes to move in various directions
Ocular movement
The area an individual can see when looking straight forward
Visual Field
Nearsightedness
Myopia
Farsightedness
Hyperopia
Loss of elasticity of the lens and thus loss of ability to see close objects.
Presbyopia
when does presbyopia begin
At 45 years of age
What is given to developmental changes and to individual hygienic practices, if the client wears contact lenses or has an artificial eye
Consideration
Inflammation of the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva. results from foreign bodies, chemicals, allergic agents, bacteria, or viruses, redness, itching, tearing and mucopurulent discharge occur. during sleep the eyelids may become encrusted and matted together
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the lacrimal sac manifested by tearing and a discharge from the nasolacrimal duct
Dacryocystitis
redness, swelling, and tenderness of the hair follicle and glands that empty at the edge of the eyelids
Hordeolum (sty)
Inflammation of the iris that may be caused by local or systemic infections and result in pain, tearing
Iritis
Sensitivity to light
Photophobia
black eyes resulting from injury
Contusions or Hematomas
Tend to occur in individuals over 65 years old, although may be present at any age. This opacity of the lens or its capsule, which blocks light rays, is frequently removed and replaced by a lens implant.
Cataracts
occurs in infants due to malformation of the lens if the mother contracted rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy
Cataracts
A disturbance in the circulation of aqueous fluid which causes an increase in intra ocular pressure, is the most frequent cause of blindness in people over 40 years old but may occur in younger ages.
Glaucoma
this eye condition’s signs include Foggy vision, loss of peripheral vision, difficulty in focusing on close objects, difficulty adjusting to dark rooms, and seeing rainbow colored rings around lights
Glaucoma
Size of pupils and normal color
usually black, and is 3 to 7 mm in diameter, and have round and smooth borders.
Enlarged pupils, may indicate injury or glaucoma, or result from certain drugs.
Mydriasis
(constricted pupils) may indicate an inflammation of the iris or result from such drugs as morphine/ heroin and other narcotics, barbiturates, or pilocarpine. It is also an age-related change in older adults.
Miosis
(unequal pupils) may result from a central nervous system disorder; however, slight variations may be normal.
Anisocoria
The iris is normally flat and round. A bulging toward the cornea can indicate
increased intraocular pressure.
Distant vision is tested by using the
Snellen chart
is assessed by having a patient read from a prepared card that is held 14 inches away from the eyes. If a card is not available, the patient can be asked to read from a newspaper as an alternative quick screening tool.
Near vision
are commonly used to assess color vision. Each of the colored dotted plates shows either a number or a path. A person with color blindness is not able to distinguish the numbers or paths from the other colored dots on the plate.
Ishihara plates
(instrument for examining the interior of the ear, especially the eardrum, consisting essentially of a magnifying lens and a light), and determination of auditory acuity.
otoscope
The ear is usually assessed at what time in the physical examination
initial physical examination
What does the external ear include
Auricle and pinna, external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane or eardrum
Landmarks of the auricle include
lobule (earlobe), helix (the posterior curve of the auricle’s upper aspect), antihelix (the anterior curve of the auricle’s upper aspect), tragus (the cartilaginous protrusion at the entrance to the ear canal), triangular fossa (a depression of the antihelix), and external auditory meatus (the entrance to the ear canal).
a bony prominence behind the ear, is another important landmark
mastoid
is curved, is about 2.5 cm (1 in.) Long in the adult, and ends at the tympanic membrane.
The external ear canal
what does the gland in the ears secrete that acts as a lubricant and protects the canal
Cerumen
an air-filled cavity that starts at the tympanic membrane and contains three ossicles (bones of sound transmission): the malleus (hammer), the incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrups).
middle ear
three ossicles (bones of sound transmission):
the malleus (hammer), the incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrups).
another part of the middle ear, connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
eustachian tube
The tube stabilizes the air pressure between the external atmosphere and the middle ear, thus preventing rupture of the tympanic membrane and discomfort produced by marked pressure differences.
eustachian tube
a seashell-shaped structure essential for sound transmission and hearing
cochlea
contain the organs of equilibrium.
vestibule and semicircular canals,
Air-conducted transmission occurs by this process:
- A sound stimulus enters the external canal and reaches the tympanic membrane.
- The sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane and reach the ossicles.
- The sound waves travel from the ossicles to the opening in the inner ear (oval window).
- The cochlea receives the sound vibrations.5. The stimulus travels to the auditory nerve (the eighth cranial nerve) and the cerebral cortex.
measure hearing at various decibels, are recommended for children and older adults.
Audiometric evaluations
is the result of interrupted transmission of sound waves through the outer and middle ear structures. Possible causes are a tear in the tympanic membrane or an obstruction, due to swelling or other causes, in the auditory canal.
Conductive hearing loss
is the result of damage to the inner ear, the auditory nerve, or the hearing center in the brain.
Sensorineural hearing loss
is a combination of conduction and sensorineural loss.
Mixed hearing loss
an effective screening test used to detect hearing impairment if performed accurately.
WHISPER TEST
steps in whisper test
Stand at arm’s length behind the seated patient to prevent lip reading.
Test each ear individually. The patient should be instructed to occlude the non tested ear with their finger.
Exhale before whispering and use as quiet a voice as possible.
Whisper a combination of numbers and letters (for example, 4-k-2), and then ask the patient to repeat the sequence.
If the patient responds correctly, their hearing is considered normal; if the patient responds incorrectly, the test is repeated using a different number/letter combination.
The patient is considered to have passed the screening test if they repeat at least three out of a possible six numbers or letters correctly.
The other ear is assessed similarly with a different combination of numbers and letters.
evaluates hearing loss by comparing air conduction to bone conduction. Air conduction hearing occurs through air near the ear, and it involves the ear canal and eardrum. Bone conduction hearing occurs through vibrations picked up by the ear’s specialized nervous system.
RINNE TEST
Rinne test steps
The doctor strikes a tuning fork and places it on the mastoid bone behind one ear.
When you can no longer hear the sound, you signal to the doctor.
Then, the doctor moves the tuning fork next to your ear canal.
When you can no longer hear that sound, you once again signal the doctor.
The doctor records the length of time you hear each sound.
another way to evaluate conductive and sensorineural hearing losses.
A weber test
weber test steps
The doctor strikes A tuning fork and places it on the middle of your head.
You note where the sound is best heard: the left ear, the right ear, or both equally.
what can a nurse use to inspect the nasal passages
Flashlight
Nasal speculum and a penlight
Otoscope with a nasal attachment
what is Consists in the upper third of the nose
Bone
what consists in the remainder of the nose
Cartilage
Assessment of the nose includes
Inspection
Palpation of the external nose
Patency of nasal cavities
Inspection of the nasal cavities
what will the nurse do when the client reports difficulty or abnormality in smell
Test the clients olfactory sense by asking the client to identify common odors such as COFFEE or MINT . This is done by asking the client to close the eyes and placing vials containing the scent under the client’s nose.
are composed of a number of structures: lips, oral mucosa, the tongue and floor of the mouth, teeth and gums, hard and soft palate, uvula, salivary glands, tonsillar pillars, and tonsils.
Mouth and Oropharynx
What is the mouth and oropharynx composed of
lips
oral mucosa
the tongue and floor of the mouth
teeth and gums
hard and soft palate, uvula
salivary glands, tonsillar pillars
tonsils.
three pairs of salivary glands that empty into the oral cavity:
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
is the largest and empties through stensen’s duct opposite the second molar.
sublingual glands
empties through wharton’s duct, which is situated on either side of the frenulum on the floor of the mouth
submandibular gland
is situated on either side of the frenulum on the floor of the mouth.
wharton’s duct
lies in the floor of the mouth and has numerous openings.
sublingual salivary gland
are the two problems that most frequently affect the teeth
Dental caries (cavities) periodontal disease (or pyorrhea)
is an invisible soft film that adheres to the enamel surface of teeth; it consists of bacteria, molecules of saliva, and remnants of epithelial cells and leukocytes.
Plaque
is a visible, hard deposit of plaque and dead bacteria that forms at the gum lines.
Tartar
what can develop if Plaque is unchecked
Tartar
(red, swollen gingiva [gum]), bleeding, receding gum lines, and the formation of pockets between the teeth and gums.
gingivitis
(inflammation of the tongue)
glossitis
(inflammation of the oral mucosa)
stomatitis
(inflammation of the parotid salivary gland)
parotitis
The accumulation of foul matter (food, microorganisms, and epithelial elements) on the teeth and gums is referred to as
sordes
Other problems nurses may see in oral or throat inspection
glossitis
stomatitis
parotitis
sordes
Assessment technique of nose (with palpation)
Inspect and palpate the external nose.Note nasal color, shape, consistency, and tenderness.
Check thepatency of airflowthrough the nostrils by occluding one nostril at a time and asking the client to sniff.
Inspect the internal nose.To inspect the internal nose, use an otoscope with a short wide-tip attachment. Use your non-dominant hand to stabilize and gently tilt the client’s head back. Insert the short wide tip of the otoscope into the client’s nostril without touching the sensitive nasal septum.
