EE12

Question 1

What is co evolution?

Answer 1

reciprocal evolution.
changes in one species cause changes in second
occurs with co adapation

Question 2

What is character displacement in coadaption?

Answer 2

when a characters increased in the presence of co species.

-arms race.

Question 3

What are the main reasons for co adaptation?

Answer 3

competition
predation
parasitism
mutualism/symbiosis

Question 4

Give an example of coadaptation due to competition

Answer 4

Stickleback competition
Sticklebacks invaded lakes created by ice retreat, some lakes now have one species some have 2.
The lakes with 2 species have diverged into Benthic and Limnetic forms with distinct diets and niche partitioning.

Question 5

Give an example of coadaptation due to predation

Answer 5

Shell thickness in molluscs over geological time

• arms race between competitors and predators
• red queen metaphore for coevolution dynamics

Question 6

Give an example of coadaptation due to parasitism

Answer 6

Brood parastism by cuckoos
-mimic egg colour of host foster parents
-host counter adaptation and distinguish egg
arms race

Question 7

Give three examples of parasites that cause behavioural changes in host

Answer 7

Juvenile hair worm
-insect parasite
-adult needs water to mate
-infected insect jumps into water and emerges vis phototaxis protein (moves towards light)
Cordyceps fungui
-parasite of insects and spiders
-infected ant, climbs high
-fungus sporacucles  and wind disperses. 
Toxoplasma protozoan
-warm blooded animals
-cat main host
-makes rodents less fearful of cats - seeks out cat urine marked areas, via increased dopamine levels in brain.

Question 8

What is mullerian mimicary?

Answer 8

2 or more poisoness species that share 1 or more common predators have come to mimic each others warning signals.

Question 9

What is Batesian mimicary?

Answer 9

harmless species evolved to mimic/innitiate warning signs of poison harmful against common predators

Question 10

What is commensalism?

give an example

Answer 10

one organism benefits from the other without affecting it

• pollination by sexual deception in orchids.
• looks like bee
• tries to fuck
• picks up pollen
• no bee reward

Question 11

What are two examples of plant mutualists?

Answer 11

ant/acacia mutualism. - ants produce alarm pheromones that deter herbivores, ants get home.
mycorrhiza