Education - Gender Flashcards
Data on gender achievement gap?
Year 1 phonics - 7% gap KSI SATS - 8% gap GCSEs - boys 10% behind girls 2019 GCSEs - 9.8% Girls 16% higher than boys in English Uni 56.5 women, 44.1 men
How has employment caused inequalities?
More women working (53% 1971, 67% 2013)
Women breaking through ‘glass ceiling’ to earn higher wages so financially independent
Growth in service sector so more jobs for women (78% of womens jobs)
Gender pay gap 7.4% 2020 (28.7 1980s)
Women part time 38%, men 13%
Decline of industry means ‘identity crisis for men’ who don’t know what their job prospects are and therefore have less motivation
How has family caused grade inequality?
First time mothers older (24-25 1980s, 31 currently)
2.9 million lone parent families in 2020 (90% are women)
Boys don’t read as often from an early age and are encouraged to play outside so they are behind when they start school
How has societal structure and power relationships caused grade inequalities?
FTSE100 - only 7% have female CEOs
Parental leave laws UK not as good as Sweden or Denmark
25% women 16-64 economically inactive in 2020 (1.37 million because of family or home)
Social media means girls can see positive role models
More women financially independent
Frances Herdensohn (1980s) - control theory women less likely to commit crimes cause they are controlled by fathers, male siblings and later husbands
How have wider views of society caused grade inequalities
Baby X experiment Katz and Zalk (1975)
Barbie advert (1959 marriage top of pyramid, 2020 girls can do anything)
Angela McRobbies ‘bedroom culture’
Wider society media with phrases like ‘silly boys’, ‘school boy pranks’ lower boys expectations - Hartley and Sutton (2011)
What did 1980s studies say about inequalities in education?
Stanworth (1983) - boys names learnt faster and teachers held higher expectations for them than girls
Spender (1982) - teachers pay more attention to boys and ignore and don’t punish sexist abuse
How do teachers perception effect gender attainment gap?
Becky Francis (2001), Swann (1998) - teachers label boys as disruptive and girls as ideal students Fuller (2009) - girls (especially MC) seen as ideal students so boost their self esteem and success rates Hartley and Sutton (2011) - 140 boys split into 2 groups, group A told girls were better, group B told nothing, group B did far better
What the criticism of teachers perceptions effecting grades gap?
Ward (2015) student identity buffers teachers perception (Fullers evidence supports this, MC girls tended to believe they could still succeed even if teachers were reserved about their progress, WC left early due to economic reasons)
Teachers are being trained for make schools more fair
How does the organisation of teaching and learning cause grade inequality?
Delamont (1999) - curriculum assessed and delivered to favour girls
Skelton (2002) - ‘Feminisation of schooling’ (culture - teaching environment biased for girls, political - ‘backlash politics’ feminisation implies feminism has gone too far, stats - 2019 76% teachers were women)
Mitos and Brown - girls are naturally organised, prefer collaboration and coursework unlike boys who prefer individual exams and competition
How does curriculum effect grade differences?
Elwood (2016), Apple (1989), Gipps and Murphy (1994), Weiner (1994) - curriculum is decided by a small group of elitist men and is therefore not inclusive
Bleach (1998) - girls read fiction, boys read for info (in a test boys grades were much worse when they did a fiction they didn’t want to read, whilst girls barely changed when doing the non-fiction one they didn’t want)
Lifting Limits - girls underrepresented in curriculum (only 6%)
How is the curriculum inequalities being sorted?
Taylor et al (1996) - boys and girls do woodwork and home economics
Projects like Lifting Limits working to call out inequalities and fight for alternatives
How does the hidden curriculum effect grades?
Binary uniforms (primary schools moving otherwise)
Boys not as much choice as girls
Boys protested by wearing skirts to school
Boys get more formal exclusions, girls get more informal exclusions
How does student subculture and identities effect grade inequalities?
Epstein (1998) - working class more likely to be harassed and called ‘sissies’ Mac and Ghaill (1994) - peer groups reproduce class based masculine gender identities
