Economy and Humanism under Mary Flashcards
What was the economic condition when Mary I died?
The economy faced challenges due to expensive foreign policy and long-term impacts of debasement of coinage.
The economic situation was complicated by the sale of church land at low prices to the gentry.
What significant change did Mary I make regarding the Court of the Exchequer?
Mary I changed the Court of the Exchequer to take over both the Court of First Fruit and Tenths and the Court of Augmentations by 1554.
The Court dealt with matters of equity based on natural law and common law.
Who was the Lord Treasurer during Mary I’s reign?
Lord Treasurer Winchester.
He served until Mary I’s death.
What were the plans for recoinage and when were they implemented?
Plans for recoinage were drawn up between 1556-1558 but were not implemented until Elizabeth I’s reign.
What was the purpose of the Book of Rates revised in 1558?
The Book of Rates detailed customs duties on imports and exports, with revenue going to the Crown.
What was the estimated financial cost of the war with France?
At least £500,000.
This included the loss of Calais, a valuable trading hub.
What were the consequences of the harvest failures in 1555 and 1556?
They led to starvation and food shortages.
What public actions were taken to address poor relief during Mary I’s reign?
Laws against grain hoarders, encouragement to convert pasture to tillage, and licensing beggars to wear badges.
What was a key long-term factor affecting demand for goods during Mary I’s reign?
Increased population.
What impact did the debasement of coinage have during Mary I’s reign?
Inflationary impact was a key medium-term factor.
What was the death toll associated with the ‘sweating sickness’ in 1557 and 1558?
It was the worst death toll since the Black Death.
What was the financial status of England by the time of Elizabeth I?
England was £250,000 in debt.
What influence did humanism have during Mary I’s reign?
There was no significant humanist influence from Pole, and both evangelical and Catholic forms of humanism were in decline.
Who described Erasmus as a heretic and placed his books on the Index of Prohibited Books?
Paul.
What did Edmund Bonner write to explain basic Catholicism?
A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine.
What did the divided English Protestants include?
Protestant exiles sending propaganda publications, supporters of the 1552 prayer book, and moderates wanting to operate within established circles.
Radicals wanted active resistance, exemplified by John Knox and Christopher Goodman.
What significant work did Foxe do during his exile?
He collected material for his Book of Martyrs.
Who translated the Bible during Mary I’s reign?
William Whittingham.
