Economy Flashcards
Who were yeomanry?
Those just below the gentry freeholders who cultivate smaller landed estates
Who were husbandmen?
A free tenant farmer or small landowner, lower in status than a yeoman and drive agricultural change
What were water meadows?
Meadows that are periodically flooded by a stream or river
What is subsistence farming?
Self-sufficiency farming where farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their family
What is enclosure?
Surrounding an area of land with an artificial barrier e.g hedging
What is fallow land?
A piece of land that is normally used for farming but that is left with no crops on it for one season to let it recover
What amount of English farming land is fallow land?
1/3
What were Market Gardens?
A place where vegetables and fruit are grown for sale
What was London population in 1600?
200,000
What was the London population in 1605?
225,000
What was the London population in 1674?
500,000
When was the EIC established?
1600
How much grain was shipped into London via the Thames in 1661?
14.6 million kilograms
Where were two areas with developing market gardens ?
Falhan and Whitechapel
Why was a lot of food going into London a problem?
It reduced the standard of living for other areas such as the South East
Why was London taking up so much barley?
It is used for brewing beer
Why was London taking up so much barley a problem?
It destroyed the brewing industry in smaller towns
Why was Highland Scotland not developed ?
There was a lack of communication and development
Why was Lowland Scotland exploited?
It was very fertile
What were the benefits of enclosure ?
They could keep certain breeds of animals together and made food production more efficient
What were the benefits of water meadows?
Grass could be grown earlier and it was easier to maintain more working and non-working animals
How many horses were in England in 1600 and 1700?
1600 - 300,000 horses
1700 - 600,000 horses
How many working days for farmers were in 1450 and 1700?
1450 - 226 days
1700 - 305 days
When was the Settlement Act passed and what did it achieve?
1662 - forced people to have a legal place of settlement
How many labourer families were there in 1688?
364,000
When was the Edict of Nantes revoked?
1685
How many huguenots fled to England by 1708?
50,000
What fields of work were huguenots skilled in ?
Weavers, Artisans and Gardeners
How many people were involved in skilled craft by 1700?
240,000
How did increased literacy rates improving farming?
It allowed people to record farming techniques
What was regional specialism?
Different areas offered different farming opportunities e.g south east for crops and north west for livestock
What were the benefits of better crop rotation?
Improvements in eating habits and soil fertility
What were the benefits on farming of gentry being in aristocracy?
Increased investment and experimentation discovering new techniques and technology
How much of land was made of large estates in the South Midlands in 1600 and 1700 ?
1600 - 30%
1700 - 50%
Why did farmers work for a larger landlord?
It was more profitable and they gave out loans to invest and borrow land
Who was in charge of repairing roads?
Local parishes
When and what was the Turnpike Act?
1663 - allowed merchants and gentry to open toll roads
How many toll roads were established by 1872?
8000
Who carried the Kings letters ?
Royal riders
When was Royal Mail established ?
1635
What were Stage Coaches?
Similar to taxis but for longer journeys
When were Stage Coaches between London to Bath established ?
1657
When was the first road atlas created ?
1675
How much road was covered in the first road atlas?
7,500 miles across England and Wales
What were the three rivers established for transport by 1600?
Severn, Ouse and Thames
How were goods mainly transported ?
Pack horse
How was coal transported from Newcastle to London?
Ships along the East Coast
How many ships went between London and Newcastle in 1615?
200 ships
What were the two methods of separating wool from a sheep into strands?
Carding and combing
How much did the wool trade increase by between 1485 and 1714?
15 times
How did the Dutch migration ease the production of wool?
The wool no longer needed to be shipped to the Dutch to be dyed
How much did the export of cloth raise in the 1560s and 1660s?
1560s - £600,000
1660s - £1.5 million
What percentage of exports were made up of wool in 1660 and 1700?
1660 - 74%
1700 - 72%
What is the putting out system?
Merchants gave raw materials to homes of poor rural workers and then collected a finished product
What were the advantages of the putting out system?
• Peasants had lots of skills
• Lack of roads made travelling to work complicated
• It allowed merchants to become wealthier
What were the disadvantages of the putting out system?
• Toxins in raw materials caused sickness
• Long 14 hour days and little profit
What type of cloth did West Country produce ?
Broadcloth - for hard wearing clothing made for the countryside
What caused Dutch migration to England ?
The Dutch and Spanish were disagreeing so trade was interrupted
How many Dutch immigrants were working in the cloth trade by 1585?
13,000
Why did Colchester become a textile centre ?
Dutch immigrants settled there with new skills
What percentage of people worked in the textile industry in both 1619 and 1699?
1619 - 26.4%
1699 - 40%
Why was there initial hostility to Dutch immigrants?
They could claim new draperies before local people could
What was the frame knitting machine?
It imitated the movements of a hand knitter and reduced the amount of time taken and was brought over from Holland
What was the biggest Dutch achievement in East Anglia?
The Worsted Draperies - versatile and cheap cloth
What was the preferred method of separating wool?
Combing as it guaranteed quality and helped to sell more
When and what was the Act of Union?
April 1536 - united Wales and England
Who had a monopoly on trade with the East in 1600?
Portuguese and Dutch
When was the first English voyage to India?
1601
How much was invested into the first voyage to India?
£68,000 including money for ships, gold and silver
When was Portugals first trading post set up?
1613
Where were some British East Coast trading posts ?
Madras, Bombay, Calcutta
Where were some British West Coast trading posts ?
Bassein, Goa, Calicut
Why did Britain stop focusing on the East Indies and turn to India ?
In 1623 many officials were executed by the Dutch
When was the first shipment of saltpetre (fertiliser and gunpowder) imported from India?
1626
What was the trading post in Madras used for?
Selling textiles and woven cotton
When was the trading post in Madras set up?
1633
When were trading conditions on the West Coast improved ?
1635
Why did Cromwell take £740,000 from the EIC?
He suspected they had royalist sympathies
Who returned the money stolen by Cromwell back to the EIC?
Charles II
When did Charles II marry Catherine of Braganza ?
1662
What island was included in Catherine of Braganza’s dowry?
Bombay
What were the loans the EIC made to the crown?
£10,000 in 1660
£50,000 in 1667
When did the first shipments of tea arrive in England?
1664
How did the Great Fire of London impact the EIC?
It burnt down many warehouses of pepper
When did the EIC begin production of the rupee ?
1675
When did the profits of the EIC equal that of the Americas?
1688
What countries dominated the Triangular Trade ?
Spanish and Portuguese
When did Britain become involved in the triangular trade and under who?
1662 - John Hawkins
How many slaves were in British colonies in 1660 and 1700?
1660 - 0
1700 - 120,000
When was the Royal Adventures of England Trading in Africa set up?
1663
Why did England turn to slavery?
Indentured servants were no longer allowed enough labour to provide to the colonies
What was the Royal African Company?
Turned trading posts into army camps creating a small army
What was gold taken from Africa used for?
The English economy as it was taken to the Royal Mint
When was everyone allowed to trade in slaves not just the Royal African Company?
1688
When and what was the First Navigation Act passed ?
1651 - goods imported to England had to be carried by English ships
How much did costs and revenues of trade increase by between 1643 and 1659?
3.5 times
When and what was the Second Navigation Act introduced?
1660 - exports could not be carried by foreign ships
When and what was the Staple Act?
1663 - all good shipped from continent to colonies had to pass through England and be taxed
When and what was the Plantation Duty Act?
1673 - Captains of English ships had to deliver certain goods specifically to England or faced a financial penalty
When and how did rivalry between the English and Dutch begin?
1602 - Dutch found their own EIC to counter Britains
How much of the Dutch population relied on English fishing waters ?
20%
What did Charles II introduce to anger Dutch fishermen ?
He seized their ships and forced them to salute english ships
When did the first Anglo-Dutch war begin ?
July 1652
When and how did the First Anglo-Dutch War end?
1654 - Treaty of Westminter
What did the Second Navigation Act include?
Tobacco, rice, sugar, cotton could only be imported by England
What did an English Captain do in 1664?
Seized many Dutch colonies so Charles II had him imprisoned
What were the after effects of the English Captain in 1664?
The Dutch performed the Raid on The Medway and thus Charles created a blockade starting the Second Anglo-Dutch War
Why were Anglo-Dutch tensioned were relieved?
Treaty of Dover creating an Anglo-Dutch Alliance against the French
When did Columbus discover the Americas?
1492
When was Jamestown discovered ?
1607
What was the currency used in the Americas ?
Tobacco
When was the adultery act and how was it punished ?
1669 - punished by 1000 pounds of tobacco
How many pounds of tobacco were exported in 1620, 1638, 1670?
1620 - 55,000 pounds
1638 - 1.5 million pounds
1670 - 22 million pounds
What is mercantilism?
An economic policy designed to increase a nation’s wealth through exports
When and who set up Providence Island?
1629 - John Pym and Hampden
Why did the Spanish Navy’s control of the Caribbean decline after 1620?
Growth of privatism
What were some of the British colonies in the Caribbean ?
Barbados and Antigua
When did the British invade Jamaica and take it from the Spanish?
1660
How many slaves were in Jamaica in 1670 and 1713?
1670 - 8,000
1713 - 55,000
What was grown in Jamaica ?
Sugar, coffee and cocoa
What was a key role of Jamaica?
Helped establish the Trans-Atlantic Trade Route and a Spanish-English Alliance
