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History Stuarts > Economy > Flashcards

Economy Flashcards

1
Q

Who were yeomanry?

A

Those just below the gentry freeholders who cultivate smaller landed estates

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2
Q

Who were husbandmen?

A

A free tenant farmer or small landowner, lower in status than a yeoman and drive agricultural change

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3
Q

What were water meadows?

A

Meadows that are periodically flooded by a stream or river

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4
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

Self-sufficiency farming where farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their family

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5
Q

What is enclosure?

A

Surrounding an area of land with an artificial barrier e.g hedging

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6
Q

What is fallow land?

A

A piece of land that is normally used for farming but that is left with no crops on it for one season to let it recover

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7
Q

What amount of English farming land is fallow land?

A

1/3

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8
Q

What were Market Gardens?

A

A place where vegetables and fruit are grown for sale

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9
Q

What was London population in 1600?

A

200,000

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10
Q

What was the London population in 1605?

A

225,000

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11
Q

What was the London population in 1674?

A

500,000

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12
Q

When was the EIC established?

A

1600

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13
Q

How much grain was shipped into London via the Thames in 1661?

A

14.6 million kilograms

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14
Q

Where were two areas with developing market gardens ?

A

Falhan and Whitechapel

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15
Q

Why was a lot of food going into London a problem?

A

It reduced the standard of living for other areas such as the South East

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16
Q

Why was London taking up so much barley?

A

It is used for brewing beer

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17
Q

Why was London taking up so much barley a problem?

A

It destroyed the brewing industry in smaller towns

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18
Q

Why was Highland Scotland not developed ?

A

There was a lack of communication and development

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19
Q

Why was Lowland Scotland exploited?

A

It was very fertile

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20
Q

What were the benefits of enclosure ?

A

Any bled keep certain breeds with animals together and made food production more efficient

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21
Q

What were the benefits of water meadows?

A

Grass could be grown earlier and it was easier to maintain more working and non-working animals

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22
Q

How many horses were in England in 1600 and 1700?

A

1600 - 300,000 horses
1700 - 600,000 horses

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23
Q

How many working days for farmers were in 1450 and 1700?

A

1450 - 226 days
1700 - 305 days

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24
Q

When was the Settlement Act passed and what did it achieve?

A

1662 - forced people to have a legal place of settlement

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25
Q

How many labourer families were there in 1688?

A

364,000

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26
Q

When was the Edict of Nantes revoked?

A

1685

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27
Q

How many huguenots fled to England by 1708?

A

50,000

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28
Q

What fields of work were huguenots skilled in ?

A

Weavers, Artisans and Gardeners

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29
Q

How many people were involved in skilled craft by 1700?

A

240,000

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30
Q

How did increased literacy rates improving farming?

A

It allowed people to record farming techniques

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31
Q

What was regional specialism?

A

Different areas offered different farming opportunities e.g south east for crops and north west for livestock

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32
Q

What were the benefits of better crop rotation?

A

Improvements in eating habits and soil fertility

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33
Q

What were the benefits on farming of gentry being in aristocracy?

A

Increased investment and experimentation discovering new techniques and technology

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34
Q

How much of land was made of large estates in the South Midlands in 1600 and 1700 ?

A

1600 - 30%
1700 - 50%

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35
Q

Why did farmers work for a larger landlord?

A

It was more profitable and they gave out loans to invest and borrow land

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36
Q

Who was in charge of repairing roads?

A

Local parishes

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37
Q

When and what was the Turnpike Act?

A

1663 - allowed merchants and gentry to open toll roads

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38
Q

How many toll roads were established by 1872?

A

8000

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39
Q

Who carried the Kings letters ?

A

Royal riders

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40
Q

When was Royal Mail established ?

A

1635

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41
Q

What were Stage Coaches?

A

Similar to taxis but for longer journeys

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42
Q

When were Stage Coaches between London to Bath established ?

A

1657

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43
Q

When was the first road atlas created ?

A

1675

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44
Q

How much road was covered in the first road atlas?

A

7,500 miles across England and Wales

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45
Q

What were the three rivers established for transport by 1600?

A

Severn, Ouse and Thames

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46
Q

How were goods mainly transported ?

A

Pack horse

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47
Q

How was coal transported from Newcastle to London?

A

Ships along the East Coast

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48
Q

How many ships went between London and Newcastle in 1615?

A

200 ships

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49
Q

What were the two methods of separating wool from a sheep into strands?

A

Carding and combing

50
Q

How much did the wool trade increase by between 1485 and 1714?

A

15 times

51
Q

How did the Dutch migration ease the production of wool?

A

The wool no longer needed to be shipped to the Dutch to be dyed

52
Q

How much did the export of cloth raise in the 1560s and 1660s?

A

1560s - £600,000
1660s - £1.5 million

53
Q

What percentage of exports were made up of wool in 1660 and 1700?

A

1660 - 74%
1700 - 72%

54
Q

What is the putting out system?

A

Merchants gave raw materials to homes of poor rural workers and then collected a finished product

55
Q

What were the advantages of the putting out system?

A

• Peasants had lots of skills
• Lack of roads made travelling to work complicated
• It allowed merchants to become wealthier

56
Q

What were the disadvantages of the putting out system?

A

• Toxins in raw materials caused sickness
• Long 14 hour days and little profit

57
Q

What type of cloth did West Country produce ?

A

Broadcloth - for hard wearing clothing made for the countryside

58
Q

What caused Dutch migration to England ?

A

The Dutch and Spanish were disagreeing so trade was interrupted

59
Q

How many Dutch immigrants were working in the cloth trade by 1585?

A

13,000

60
Q

Why did Colchester become a textile centre ?

A

Dutch immigrants settled there with new skills

61
Q

What percentage of people worked in the textile industry in both 1619 and 1699?

A

1619 - 26.4%
1699 - 40%

62
Q

Why was there initial hostility to Dutch immigrants?

A

They could claim new draperies before local people could

63
Q

What was the frame knitting machine?

A

It imitated the movements of a hand knitter and reduced the amount of time taken and was brought over from Holland

64
Q

What was the biggest Dutch achievement in East Anglia?

A

The Worsted Draperies - versatile and cheap cloth

65
Q

What was the preferred method of separating wool?

A

Combing as it guaranteed quality and helped to sell more

66
Q

When and what was the Act of Union?

A

April 1536 - united Wales and England

67
Q

Who had a monopoly on trade with the East in 1600?

A

Portuguese and Dutch

68
Q

When was the first English voyage to India?

A

1601

69
Q

How much was invested into the first voyage ?

A

£68,000 including money for ships, gold and silver

70
Q

When was Portugals first trading post set up?

A

1613

71
Q

Where were some British East Coast trading posts ?

A

Madras, Bombay, Calcutta

72
Q

Where were some British West Coast trading posts ?

A

Bassein, Goa, Calicut

73
Q

Why did Britain stop focusing on the East Indies and turn to India ?

A

In 1623 many officials were executed by the Dutch

74
Q

When was the first shipment of saltpetre (fertiliser and gunpowder) imported from India?

A

1626

75
Q

What was the trading post in Madras used for?

A

Selling textiles and woven cotton

76
Q

When was the trading post in Madras set up?

A

1633

77
Q

When were trading conditions on the West Coast improved ?

A

1635

78
Q

Why did Cromwell take £740,000 from the company?

A

He suspected they had royalist sympathies

79
Q

Who returned the money stolen by Cromwell back to the EIC?

A

Charles II

80
Q

When did Charles II marry Catherine of Braganza ?

A

1662

81
Q

What island was included in Catherine of Braganza’s dowry?

A

Bombay

82
Q

What were the loans the EIC made to the crown?

A

£10,000 in 1660
£50,000 in 1667

83
Q

When did the first shipments of tea arrive in England?

A

1664

84
Q

How did the Great Fire of London impact the EIC?

A

It burnt down many warehouses of pepper

85
Q

When did the EIC begin production of the rupee ?

A

1675

86
Q

When did the profits of the EIC equal that of the Americas?

A

1688

87
Q

What countries dominated the Triangular Trade ?

A

Spanish and Portuguese

88
Q

When did Britain become involved in the triangular trade and under who?

A

1662 - John Hawkins

89
Q

How many slaves were in British colonies in 1660 and 1700?

A

1660 - 0
1700 - 120,000

90
Q

When was the Royal Adventures of England Trading in Africa set up?

A

1663

91
Q

Why did England turn to slavery?

A

Indentured servants were no longer allowed enough labour to provide to the colonies

92
Q

What was the Royal African Company?

A

Turned trading posts into army camps creating a small army

93
Q

What was gold taken from Africa used for?

A

The English economy as it was taken to the Royal Mint

94
Q

When was everyone allowed to trade in slaves not just the Royal African Company?

A

1688

95
Q

When and what was the First Navigation Act passed ?

A

1651 - goods imported to England had to be carried by English ships

96
Q

How much did costs and revenues of trade increase by between 1643 and 1659?

A

3.5 times

97
Q

When and what was the Second Navigation Act introduced?

A

1660 - exports could not be carried by foreign ships

98
Q

When and what was the Staple Act?

A

1663 - all good shipped from continent to colonies had to pass through England and be taxed

99
Q

When and what was the Plantation Duty Act?

A

1673 - Captains of English ships had to deliver certain goods specifically to England or faced a financial penalty

100
Q

When and how did rivalry between the English and Dutch begin?

A

1602 - Dutch found their own EIC to counter Britains

101
Q

How much of the Dutch population relied on English fishing waters ?

A

20%

102
Q

What did Charles II introduce to anger Dutch fishermen ?

A

He seized their ships and forced them to salute english ships

103
Q

When did the first Anglo-Dutch war begin ?

A

July 1652

104
Q

When and how did the First Anglo-Dutch War end?

A

1654 - Treaty of Westminter

105
Q

What did the Second Navigation Act include?

A

Tobacco, rice, sugar, cotton could only be imported by England

106
Q

What did an English Captain do in 1664?

A

Seized many Dutch colonies so Charles II had him imprisoned

107
Q

What were the after effects of the English Captain in 1664?

A

The Dutch performed the Raid on The Medway and thus Charles created a blockade starting the Second Anglo-Dutch War

108
Q

Why were Anglo-Dutch tensioned were relieved?

A

Treaty of Dover creating an Anglo-Dutch Alliance against the French

109
Q

When did Columbus discover the Americas?

A

1492

110
Q

When was Jamestown discovered ?

A

1607

111
Q

What was the currency used in the Americas ?

A

Tobacco

112
Q

When was the adultery act and how was it punished ?

A

1669 - punished by 1000 pounds of tobacco

113
Q

How many pounds of tobacco were exported in 1620, 1638, 1670?

A

1620 - 55,000 pounds
1638 - 1.5 million pounds
1670 - 22 million pounds

114
Q

What is mercantilism?

A

An economic policy designed to increase a nation’s wealth through exports

115
Q

When and who set up Providence Island?

A

1629 - John Pym and Hampden

116
Q

Why did the Spanish Navy’s control of the Caribbean decline after 1620?

A

Growth of privatism

117
Q

What were some of the British colonies in the Caribbean ?

A

Barbados and Antigua

118
Q

When did the British invade Jamaica and take it from the Spanish?

A

1660

119
Q

How many slaves were in Jamaica in 1670 and 1713?

A

1670 - 8,000
1713 - 55,000

120
Q

What was grown in Jamaica ?

A

Sugar, coffee and cocoa

121
Q

What was a key role of Jamaica?

A

Helped establish the Trans-Atlantic Trade Route and a Spanish-English Alliance

History Stuarts (6 decks)

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