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Science > Ecology Continued > Flashcards

Ecology Continued Flashcards

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1
Q

Evaporation

A

Water changed from a liquid to an atmospheric gas

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2
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of water from plant leaves

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3
Q

Condensation

A

Water vapor cools and condenses into water droplets (clouds)

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4
Q

Precipitation

A

Water droplets become large and return to earths surface

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5
Q

Nutrients

A

All of the chemical substances an organism needs to live

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6
Q

Legumes

A

Plant containing seed pods (peas, beans, peanuts)

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7
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Converting nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3)

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8
Q

Denitrification

A

Some of the nitrogen is converted to N2 (nitrogen gas) and released back into the atmosphere

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9
Q

Ecosystem

A

A collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place together with their nonliving environment

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10
Q

Biotic factor

A

All of the living parts of an ecosystem

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11
Q

Abiotic factor

A

All of the nonliving parts of an ecosystem

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12
Q

Tolerance

A

The ability of a species to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental conditions

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13
Q

Habitat

A

The area where an organism lives including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it

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14
Q

Niche

A

The full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions (the role of an organism)

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15
Q

Resource

A

Any necessity of life (water, food, nutrients, light, space)

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16
Q

Competition

A

When two organisms try to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time

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17
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Between members of the same species

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18
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Between members of different species

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19
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

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20
Q

Predation

A

One animal captures and feeds on another animal

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21
Q

Herbivory

A

One animal (herbivore) feeds on a producer (plants)

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22
Q

Keystone species

A

A population change in the keystone species can cause dramatic changes in its community

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23
Q

Symbiosis

A

A close, long term interaction between two species in which at least one benefits

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24
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

How matter is passed through the biosphere and used by organisms

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25
Q

Runoff

A

Water running on the surface

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26
Q

Ground water

A

Water not on the surface

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27
Q

Predator

A

The animal doing the hunting

28
Q

Prey

A

The animal being hunted

29
Q

Water cycle

A

Evaporation, transpiration (evaporation of water from plant leaves), condensation, precipitation. How water is passed through the environment

30
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Carbon dioxide is released into atmosphere by cellular respiration, burning fossil fuels, ect
Carbon dioxide is taken up by plants for photosynthesis and Carbon used to build carbohydrates
Carbon is passed along food chains as carbohydrates and exalted back into environment as Carbon dioxide or turned into body material and released during decomposition

31
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

a continuous series of natural processes by which nitrogen passes successively from air to soil to organisms and back to air or soil involving principally nitrogen fixation, nitrification, decay, and denitrification

32
Q

Nitrogen gas

A

Makes up 78% of earths atmosphere. Used to make ammonia. N2. Found in atmosphere, not usable by plants

33
Q

Ammonia

A

Made during nitrogen fixation. Can be converted into nitrates and nitrites. NH3. Fixed nitrogen usable by some plants

34
Q

Nitrites

A

Bacteria in soil convert ammonia to nitrites which is then used by autotrophs to make proteins which are eaten by consumers who use the nitrogen to make their own proteins. NO2. More usable nitrogen by plants

35
Q

Nitrates

A

Bacteria in soil convert ammonia to nitrates which is then used by autotrophs to make proteins which are eaten by consumers who use the nitrogen to make their own proteins. NO3. More usable nitrogen by plants

36
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A

Phosphate is taken up by plants from soil or water and bound into organic compounds. These organic compounds move through the food webs and are returned to the soil

37
Q

Phosphates

A

Found in rocks, soil minerals, and ocean sediment. It is in the form of inorganic phosphate. PO4 3-

38
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit from the relationship

39
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits from the relationship, the other is not affected

40
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits, the other is harmed

41
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense

42
Q

Host

A

an animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives

43
Q

Ecological succession

A

Predictable changes that occurs in a community over time

44
Q

Primary succession

A

Occurs on surfaces where no soil exists and there is no existing community

45
Q

Pioneer species

A

The first species to populate an area during primary succession

46
Q

Secondary succession

A

Follows a disturbance that destroys the community without destroying the soil

47
Q

Climax community

A

Uniform and stable community that is the end result of primary and secondary succession

48
Q

Geographic range

A

Indicates the area where a population can be found

49
Q

Population density

A

Number of individuals per unit area

50
Q

Growth rate

A

Tells us if a population is getting larger, smaller, or staying the same

51
Q

Age structure

A

Describes the numbers of males and females of each age in a population

52
Q

Population growth

A

How a population changes over time

53
Q

Immigration

A

The movement of individuals into an area

54
Q

Emigration

A

The movement of individuals out of an area

55
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of individuals born to a population in a year

56
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths in a population in a year

57
Q

Exponential growth

A

Growth whose rate becomes more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size. Explosive growth

58
Q

J shaped curve

A

Caused by slow growth of a small population in the beginning, then exponential growth because of unlimited resources for a larger population

59
Q

S shaped curve

A

Caused by logistic growth after exponential growth

60
Q

Logistic growth

A

A populations growth slows or stops after a period of exponential growth

61
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The largest number of individuals that an environment can support

62
Q

Limiting factor

A

A factor that causes a populations growth to decrease or stop. It controls the size of a population.

63
Q

Density dependent factor

A

Become limiting only when the population density becomes high enough

64
Q

Predation

A

One organism captures and feeds on another

65
Q

Density independent factor

A

Factors that affect all in the same way regardless of the population density

66
Q

Population

A

All the members of a species in a given area

Science (12 decks)

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