Eco lecture 3 Flashcards
what charcateristics are aquatic biomes usually divided with?
characteristics of salinity
benthic level
bottom os all aquatic biomes
- sand, nutrients
- organisms
dead organic matter that is a major source of food for benthic species; “rains” down from productive surface waters of photic zone
detritus
pelagic zone
open water
narrow abrupt layer of temperature change in oceans and most lakes
thermocline
semiannual mixing of waters as a result of changing temperature profiles
turnovers
upper layer above the thermocline: _____
photic zone
photic zone characteristics?
light penetration
- photosynthesis
- oxygen
- nutrient depletion
characteristics of water below thermocline?
- cold
- oxygen depletion
- nutrient rich
seasonal turnover in the summer–» fall
air temp drops, surface becomes colder than bottom, wind blows
turnover of water
- oxygen cycles to bottom
- nutrients cycles to top
season;la turnover from fall–> winter
nothing
seasonal turnover from winter–> spring
air warms–> ice melts
warm water rises to the top
- turnover
- mix of oxygen and nutrients once again
seasonal turnover from spring–> summer
nothing
biome part of time exposed to air, other time covered by water
tide
inter tidal biome
- species A has negative effect on Species B - species B has negative effect on Species A - neither benefits
competition
Species A has positive effect on Species B
Species B has positive effect on Species A
both benefit
mutualism
Species A has positive effect on Species B
Species B has negative effect on Species A
only one benefits
parasitism
Species A has positive effect on Species B
Species B has no effect on Species A
one benefits, other has no benefit and no cost
commensalism
what is indicated when species are very crowded
lots of competition
what is criteria in order for competition to be present?
resource in short supply(the use of the resource by one species effects the resource usage for another species)
competition for resource causes what for the population growth?
slower population growth
what are barnacles most closely related to?
- mussels
- lobsters
- earthworms
- jellyfish
lobsters
- barnacles are CRUSTACEANS
where does fertilization take place for barnacles?why?
internally
- stuck in one spot on rock
Where do barnacle larvae develop?
open water while feeding
small barnacles are called:
chthamalus
large barnacles are called:
balanus
are balanus or chthalamus found higher up on rocks?
chthalamus
did chthalamus exist in both plots, above and below, when balanus was scraped off? why?
no, only balanus remained below
balanus overgrew the chthalamus
did balanus exist in both higher and lower plots once everything was scraped off? why?
no, only in lower plot
physical environment wasn’t good for them –> oxygen seal
ecological position in a community
- the range of conditions in which the species could be found
niche
niche occupied in nature/ real world
realized niche
niche with range of physical conditions that allow the species to survive and reproduce
fundamental niche
difference in fundamental and realized niche for balanus?
not very different
- -> could not survive in higher
- did not occupy higher
difference in fundamental and realized niche for chthalamus?
very different
- could survive in both
- only lived in higher because of interspecies competition
better competitor of one resource of two species will eliminate the other over time
competitive exclusion principle
what is located along the coasts of continents and near-shore areas of islands (all shallow water)
coral reefs
what is made up of calcium carbonate
coral reefs
two species living together in direct physical contact
symbiosis
photosynthetic protists in an symbiotic relationship with coral
zooxanthellae
the reason behind the symbiotic relationship b/w zooxanthellae and coral?
mutualistic
- zooxantheale got CO2 and N from coral as well as protection
- coral used zooxanthealle for carbs in their nutrient deficient environment
what began competing with coral for space after disturbances?
macro algae
what and when were ___ and ___ main herbivores around coral reefs?
- parrot fish first then over fishing
- sea urchins
what happened to the sea urchins in the coral reefs? consequence?
killed off by disease
now no herbivore to keep macro algae at bay
why were some reefs becoming macro algae grown and others not? pattern?
reefs with more fish weren’t as overrun with macro algae because fish ate the macro algae but didn’t eat the coral
a local effect that enhanced macro algae growth?
high nutrient level inputs
- corals had adapted to living with nutrients so didn’t really help them
- macro algae had not adapted, so increased nutrients increased their growth a lot
what was the effect of warm water temperatures on corals? (rise a few degrees)
they died as they expelled their zooanthealle BECAUSE ZOOXANTHEALLE AREN’T AS PRODUCTIVE
- CORAL ARE DUMB
WHY IS IT GOOD TO HAVING SEEMINGLY REDUNDANT SEVERAL SPECIES THAT GAVE THE SAME ROLES IN COMMUNITIES
MORE RESILIENCE AGAINST DISTURBANCE
