Animal 2

Question 1

the coming together of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote

Answer 1

fertilization

Question 2

the conversion of a zygote into multicultural embryo

Answer 2

cleavage

Question 3

forming the structures of the animal body after cleavage

Answer 3

morphogenises

Question 4

sea urchin reproduction explained

Answer 4

has external fertilization (male and females will release egg in sea water. The sperm has to find egg in sea water. Easier to study in sea water opposed to inside animal’s body

Question 5

where is the nucleus located in a sea urchin sperm?

Answer 5

in the head of the sperm

Question 6

membrane bound vessicle at head of sperm that contains hydrolytic enzymes. These break down other chromosomes, trying to break through jelly coat of the egg

Answer 6

acrosome

Question 7

_____ and egg plasma membrane have sperm binding receptors embedded in them

Answer 7

• vitaline layer

Question 8

why are the sperm binding proteins so important?

Answer 8

any sperm that wants to fertilize the eggs NEEDS to bind to this

Question 9

what does the jelly coat do for a sea urchin egg?

Answer 9

protects egg that is free floating in water

also attracts same species sperm by releasing chemicals

Question 10

how do sea urchin sperm find sea urchin eggs in the open water?

Answer 10

they swim to higher concentrations of specific chemicals that a sea urchin egg’s jelly coat will release

Question 11

why is a sea urchin egg so much bigger than a sea urchin sperm?

Answer 11

the egg has everything it needs inside itself but the set of chromosomes from the sperm

Question 12

what is the acrosome reaction and what initiates this?

Answer 12

the release of the acrosome enzymes that digest the jelly coat so the sperm can bind to the membrane proteins
sperm arriving initiate this

Question 13

how does the sperm attach to the binding proteins?

Answer 13

after acrosome enzymes are relased and jelly coat is gone, acrosome filaments extend into the rod of the sperm, binding the sperm to the protein and initiatinf the fusion of the sperm and egg

Question 14

when can the sperm move into the egg?

Answer 14

once their membranes are fused

Question 15

event when multiple sperm fertilize egg

Answer 15

polysperm

Question 16

what protects the egg from poly sperm?

Answer 16

cortisol reaction which is triggered by one sperm nucleus entering egg

Question 17

explain the cortisol reaction to block polyspermy

Answer 17

cortisol granules release its contents causing the sperm binding proteins to be cleaved off egg
the vitaline layer (now fertilization envelope) lifts off egg and pushes away sperm

Question 18

what is the fertilization envelope?

Answer 18

the vitaline layer after the cortisol reaction (when it lifts from egg surface)

Question 19

the process by which the zygote becomes multi cellular embryo?

Answer 19

cleavage

Question 20

blastomere?

Answer 20

smaller and smaller cells as result from rapid division take place after cleavage, skipping G1, G2 phases

Question 21

blastula?

Answer 21

multicellular embryo cleavge stage ends with

Question 22

process of mitotic divisions where a blastulat first cleavage the two cells could be expressing different genes
- even though they have same genome, they can be expressing different genes
a begins to increased in size?

Answer 22

gastulation

Question 23

explain sizes of blastula, blastomeres, zygote

Answer 23

blastula is the same size of zygote. Blastomeres are smaller and small cells that make up the blastula

Question 24

is the blastoceol on the animal pole side or the vegetal pole side?

Answer 24

animal pole side

Question 25

fluid filled cavity inside the blastula:

Answer 25

blastocoel

Question 26

how can cells, that have the same genome as the result of multiple divisions, behave differently from each other

Answer 26

at first cleavage the two cells could be expressing different genes
- even though they have same genome, they can be expressing different genes

Question 27

the signal molecules that a cell is exposed to that tells the cell when to express certain genes

Answer 27

inductive signals

Question 28

• mmostly rearrangement of sheets of cells. - Production of 3 distinct germ layers setting up basic body plan
• setting up 3 body axis

Answer 28

gastrulation

Question 29

the formation of organs

Answer 29

organogenesis

Question 30

relative location of ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Answer 30

ectoderm: outermost layer
mesoderm: middle layer
endoderm: inside-most layer

Question 31

most cells in vegetal pole end up as _____ cells

Answer 31

endodermal

Question 32

first part of frog gasturaltion

Answer 32

cells from outside start to push their way to interior, up and in blastocoel
as the exterior cells push in, the blastocoel starts to fill up

Question 33

second part of grog gasturlation

Answer 33

the future endodermal and mesodermal cells start to roll ina dn under so now theres the meso and endo dermal layer underneath the ectodermal layer. The ectodermal cells began to spread, covering the sruface
the blastocile continues filling.

Question 34

third part of frog gasturlation

Answer 34

cells roll in and under creating archenteron: becomes digestive system

Question 35

new cavity formed in blastocoel during frog gasturlation?

Answer 35

archenteron

Question 36

forth part of frog gasturlation

Answer 36

calls at the animal pole (future endoderm) spread over the surface of the cell

Question 37

how to tell archenteron vs blastocel

Answer 37

blastoceol has zero assess to outside the cell- surrounded by mesoderm and endoderm cells
archenteron space- only endoderm cells

Question 38

movement where cells change position relative to each other; converge in one direction, and extend in another

Answer 38

convergent extension

Question 39

: formation of neural tube to form spinal cord. cells are cubed shaped

Answer 39

neurolation

go over spinal cord formation in slides