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BIO EXAM TERM 2 > Animal 7 > Flashcards

Animal 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

immunity to things very generally; fast response

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

who have adaptive immuniity

A

vertebrates

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3
Q

slower responses, more specific immunity built up from experience

A

adaptive immunity

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4
Q

1st, 2nd, and 3rd defense lines

A

1- skin barriers
2- innate immunity
3- adaptive immunity (pathogen specific)

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5
Q

saliva, mucous and tears have a __ pH

A

acidic, not conducive to growth of microbes

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6
Q

____ cells recognize characteristics of a SET of pathogens

A

phagocytic

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7
Q

phagocytic cells travel in these places:

A

blood, skin and mucous, in lymph system

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8
Q

the lymphatic system consists of ____

A

vessel

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9
Q

lymphatic vessels take up liquid that ha leaked from ____

A

capillaires

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10
Q

______ cells recognize proteins of views-infected or cancerous cells (broad)

A

natural killer

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11
Q

natural killer cells recognize changes in ____ proteins

A

surface

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12
Q

secreted by virus-infected cells and trigger surrounding cells to produce chemicals that inhibit viral reproduction

A

interferons

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13
Q

plasma proteins activated by substances on the SURFACE of many microbe

A

complement proteins

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14
Q

cytokines increased _______ to ___ are

A

blood flow to affected area

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15
Q

Local inflammation is caused by _____

- triggers vasodialation allowing more blood and white blood cells to area and into interstitial fluid

A

histamines

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16
Q

if infection is quite serious, a _____ inflammatory response is initiated where a higher body temperature is set (fever)

A

systemic

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17
Q

in a systemic responses, this happens

A

more white blood cells are produced and released from the bone marrow

18
Q

B and T cells are what type of immunity

A

adaptive immunity

19
Q

antigen receptors are produced by ______

A

B or T cells

20
Q

typically large foreign molecules found on the surface f specific pathogens or secreted by those pathogens

A

antigens

21
Q

antigens contain multiple _______

A

epitopes

22
Q

a small, accessible portion of an antigen that binds to a receptor

A

an epitope

23
Q

host animal has ____ different antigen receptors that recognize one of the epitopes

A

12

24
Q

B and T cells are both ____ cells

A

white blood cells

25
Q

B cells mature in the ______

A

bone marrow

26
Q

T cells mature in the ______ thymus

A

each B and T cell produces ____ type (s) of an antigen receptor

27
Q

___ -cells have a Y shaped receptors

A

B-cell

28
Q

____ cells have a pair of parallel receptors

A

T-cells

29
Q

___ cells can bind to surface of pathogen or free antigens secreted by pathogens

A

B-cell

30
Q

___ cell can only bind to fragments of antigen on the surface of a pathogen

A

T-cell

31
Q

Effector and mempory cells are produced after the ____ of B or T cells

A

proliferation

32
Q

Memory cells

A

long-lived cells copied from original B or T cell that give rise to effector cells if some epitope is encountered again

33
Q

effector cells

A

short-lived cells that can take immediate effect on the pathogen or antigen during that time

34
Q

effector form of B cells secrete ____

A

antibodies (old receptors) that are secreted into blood looking for same antigen as the antigen receptor protein on ancestral B cell

35
Q

antibody neutrilasation

A

make it impossible for pathogen entry into other cells

36
Q

antibody increasing warning against pathogen to other host cells

A

make infected cell more visible to phagocyte cells which increases destruction of pathogen

37
Q

Effector forms of T cells are ____ T cells and ____ T cells

A

helper T cells

cytotoxic T cells

38
Q

function of helper T cells

A

don`t destroy pathogens but activate B and cytotoxic T cells which increases the immune response

39
Q

function of cytotoxic T cells

A

help destroy infected cells by releasing perforin once attached to antigen, perforin makes holes in infected cell which then dies

40
Q

antibodies bind to antigen, complementary proteins bind to ____ which then ____ the antigen

A

LYSE; destroying

41
Q

why are older`s people immunity not as strong

A

memory cells smaller and weaker

BIO EXAM TERM 2 (11 decks)

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