Animal 7

Question 1

immunity to things very generally; fast response

Answer 1

innate immunity

Question 2

who have adaptive immuniity

Answer 2

vertebrates

Question 3

slower responses, more specific immunity built up from experience

Answer 3

adaptive immunity

Question 4

1st, 2nd, and 3rd defense lines

Answer 4

1- skin barriers
2- innate immunity
3- adaptive immunity (pathogen specific)

Question 5

saliva, mucous and tears have a __ pH

Answer 5

acidic, not conducive to growth of microbes

Question 6

____ cells recognize characteristics of a SET of pathogens

Answer 6

phagocytic

Question 7

phagocytic cells travel in these places:

Answer 7

blood, skin and mucous, in lymph system

Question 8

the lymphatic system consists of ____

Answer 8

vessel

Question 9

lymphatic vessels take up liquid that ha leaked from ____

Answer 9

capillaires

Question 10

______ cells recognize proteins of views-infected or cancerous cells (broad)

Answer 10

natural killer

Question 11

natural killer cells recognize changes in ____ proteins

Answer 11

surface

Question 12

secreted by virus-infected cells and trigger surrounding cells to produce chemicals that inhibit viral reproduction

Answer 12

interferons

Question 13

plasma proteins activated by substances on the SURFACE of many microbe

Answer 13

complement proteins

Question 14

cytokines increased _______ to ___ are

Answer 14

blood flow to affected area

Question 15

Local inflammation is caused by _____

- triggers vasodialation allowing more blood and white blood cells to area and into interstitial fluid

Answer 15

histamines

Question 16

if infection is quite serious, a _____ inflammatory response is initiated where a higher body temperature is set (fever)

Answer 16

systemic

Question 17

in a systemic responses, this happens

Answer 17

more white blood cells are produced and released from the bone marrow

Question 18

B and T cells are what type of immunity

Answer 18

adaptive immunity

Question 19

antigen receptors are produced by ______

Answer 19

B or T cells

Question 20

typically large foreign molecules found on the surface f specific pathogens or secreted by those pathogens

Answer 20

antigens

Question 21

antigens contain multiple _______

Answer 21

epitopes

Question 22

a small, accessible portion of an antigen that binds to a receptor

Answer 22

an epitope

Question 23

host animal has ____ different antigen receptors that recognize one of the epitopes

Answer 23

12

Question 24

B and T cells are both ____ cells

Answer 24

white blood cells

Question 25

B cells mature in the ______

Answer 25

bone marrow

Question 26

T cells mature in the ______ thymus

Answer 26

each B and T cell produces ____ type (s) of an antigen receptor

Question 27

___ -cells have a Y shaped receptors

Answer 27

B-cell

Question 28

____ cells have a pair of parallel receptors

Answer 28

T-cells

Question 29

___ cells can bind to surface of pathogen or free antigens secreted by pathogens

Answer 29

B-cell

Question 30

___ cell can only bind to fragments of antigen on the surface of a pathogen

Answer 30

T-cell

Question 31

Effector and mempory cells are produced after the ____ of B or T cells

Answer 31

proliferation

Question 32

Memory cells

Answer 32

long-lived cells copied from original B or T cell that give rise to effector cells if some epitope is encountered again

Question 33

effector cells

Answer 33

short-lived cells that can take immediate effect on the pathogen or antigen during that time

Question 34

effector form of B cells secrete ____

Answer 34

antibodies (old receptors) that are secreted into blood looking for same antigen as the antigen receptor protein on ancestral B cell

Question 35

antibody neutrilasation

Answer 35

make it impossible for pathogen entry into other cells

Question 36

antibody increasing warning against pathogen to other host cells

Answer 36

make infected cell more visible to phagocyte cells which increases destruction of pathogen

Question 37

Effector forms of T cells are ____ T cells and ____ T cells

Answer 37

helper T cells | cytotoxic T cells

Question 38

function of helper T cells

Answer 38

don`t destroy pathogens but activate B and cytotoxic T cells which increases the immune response

Question 39

function of cytotoxic T cells

Answer 39

help destroy infected cells by releasing perforin once attached to antigen, perforin makes holes in infected cell which then dies

Question 40

antibodies bind to antigen, complementary proteins bind to ____ which then ____ the antigen

Answer 40

LYSE; destroying

Question 41

why are older`s people immunity not as strong

Answer 41

memory cells smaller and weaker