ECG Flashcards

1
Q

electrical signal through heart

A
SA node - pacemaker 
travels  along posterior, middle and anterior internodal tracts 
right atrium contracts 
backmans bundle fast tracts signal to left
contracts at same time 
signal meets again at AV node 
spreads down bundle his 
at apex, seperates into pjunke fibres 
ventricles contracts
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2
Q

what is the cardiac muscle made up of

A

nucleus, mitochondria, myosin, actin, sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

what is the concentration of mitochondria

A

20-45% depending on training status

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4
Q

role of sarcolemma

A

binds structure together

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5
Q

role of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores calcium

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6
Q

role of intercalated discs

A

allows myocytes to lock together
large surface area
interdigtation - stronger binding

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7
Q

role of desmosomes

A

help provide extra strength to binding

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8
Q

role of gap junctions

A

allows quick conduction of ions and metabolities between two myocytes
movement down conc gradient

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9
Q

what are autorhymtic cells

A

generates action impluse by themselves

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10
Q

autorhytmic BPM of SA node

A

approx 90-100

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11
Q

autorhytmic BPM of AV node

A

approx 40-60

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12
Q

autorhytmic BPM of bundle of his

A

15-30

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13
Q

describe cardiac action potential at rest

A

more NA+ and Ca+ outside
more K+ inside
resting potentail of -70mv

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14
Q

describe pacemaker action potential

A

no resting potential threshold at -40mv
funny channels open below -40mv - allows slow influx of Na+
at threshold - Ca2+ channels open, depolarisation
at peak - K+ channels open, Ca channels inactive
voltage returns to -60mv

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15
Q

describe contracil myocytes action potential

A

resting at -90mv, only depolarise when stimulated
threshold of -70mv
fast Na channels open - rapid depolarisation
-40mv - L-type/slow Ca2+ channels open - slow steady influx
at peak - Na+ close, K+ open, Ca2+ stay open balance K = plateau
Ca induces greater influx of Ca = contraction
Ca channels close, K open
return to resting, pumps return balance

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16
Q

Ca pathway in contracting muscle

A
depolarising wave from adjacent cell 
volatge gated CA2+ channels open, enters cell
Ca2+ induces Ca2+ release from R via ryanodine receptor 
local release casue Ca2+ spark 
summed spark creates a Ca2+ signal 
Ca2+ ions bind to tropoin = contraction 
relaxation - Ca2+ unbinds
pumped back into SR via ATP pump
exchanges with Na+
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17
Q

how much of Ca2+ is receyled into SR

A

70%

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18
Q

how many Ca2+ exchanged for Na

A

1 Ca2+ for 3 Na+

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19
Q

what is the refractory period

A

time it takes for the cell to reset itself

20
Q

refractory period in cardiac

A

longer than skeletal
almost same length as muscle contraction
unable to recieve another signal until fully relaxed
prevents tetanus

21
Q

resting and AP of SA node

A

-50mv

0mv

22
Q

resting and AP of atria

A

-75mv

+30mv

23
Q

resting and AP of AV node

A

-60mv

0mv

24
Q

resting and AP of purkinje fibres

A

-90mv

+40mv

25
Q

resting and AP of ventricles

A

-80mv

+30mv

26
Q

size of each big sqaure on ECG trace

A

0.2 secs

27
Q

size of each small sqaure on ECG trace

A

0.04 secs

28
Q

use of ECG

A
HR
conduction in heart 
arrythimas
damage to heart 
provides no info about pumping or mechanical events
29
Q

what are the 10 steps in ECG

A
rate 
rhythm 
axis
p wave 
pr interval 
QRS complex 
ST segment
T wave 
U wave 
QT interval
30
Q

calculating rate

A

can use the squares
1 large = 300bts/min
count no of squares between peak

31
Q

calculating rhythm

A

can eye ball first, look at spacing between p waves

is it in the correct order

32
Q

morphology of P wave

A

smooth contour
monophase in lead II
biphasic in VI
upside down in AVR

33
Q

duration of P wave

A

<120ms

1-2 small squares

34
Q

amplitude of P wave

A

<2.5mm in the limb leads

35
Q

size of QRS complex

A

<0.12

3 small squares

36
Q

ventricular hypertrophy in QRS

A

increased height

caused by increase in muscle mass in either verntricle

37
Q

why do we get the shape of the q wave

A

LBB depolarizes first, then RBB
downward deflection
positive wave, moves right through spetum
less that 0.4 seconds

38
Q

QRS shape in lead II

A

q wave - depolarise left to right, away from electrode giving negative wave
R wave - moves toward electrode, down septum giving strong positive wave
R and L ventricle depolarise together cancelling each other out thus the line returns
S wave - L ventricle is slgithly large to depolarise last longer

39
Q

St segments

A

beginning of St segment called j point
represents first uprupt right-ward direction of trace
changes during exercise

40
Q

t wave

A

ventricular repolarisation

apmlitude <5mm in limb, <10mm in chest leads

41
Q

what is the direction of ventricle depolarsation

A

endo -> epicardium

42
Q

what is the direction of ventricle repolaristion

A

epi -> endocardium

43
Q

u wave

A

reploarization of purkinje
often not seen
should be less than 25% of T `

44
Q

QT interval

A

represents the time of depolarisation and reploarisation

varies inversley with HR so needs to be corrected to account for this

45
Q

QT correction formula

A

bazetts formula
QTc = QT interval/sqr(r to r interval)
shoudl be 0.35 - 0.45 secs