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Clinical Exercise Prescription > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

how many people will get cancer

A

1 in 2

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2
Q

lists the main factor that causes cancer

A 
smoking
weight 
fruit and veg 
alcohol
sun
red meat
fibre 
PA 
salt
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3
Q

how many mutated genes are needed to cause cancer

A

at least 5/6

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4
Q

how many bases are lost from telomeres after each divide

A

30 - 200 base pairs

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5
Q

how many cancerous cells are needed for it to be detected

A

10 billions

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6
Q

what is remission

A

when the cancer can no longer be detected, below 10 billion cancerous cells

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7
Q

how do PA and energy intake effect colon cancer

A

low PA and High EI are assocatied with colon cancer

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8
Q

exercise and cancer prevention - oestrogen

A

active women

  • have lower oestrogen
  • achieve menarche later; active women achieve menopause earlier
  • have lower body fat - Adipose tissue produces oestrogen
  • have increased sex hormone binding globulins (SHBG)
    - SHBG known to decrease breast cancer risk
    - SHBG lowers concentration of circulating oestrogens
    - SHBG reduces breast cancer cell growth and proliferation
  • have greater insulin sensitivity and reduced IGF
    - Lower circulating [insulin] = greater [SHBG]
    - IGF promotes breast tissue proliferation
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9
Q

effect of oestrogen on breast cancer

A

increased exposure to oestrogens increase risk of breast cancer

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10
Q

exercise and cancer prevention

A
  • PA increases immune function
  • PA increases activity of - Killer T lymphocytes - Macrophages
  • Promotes clearance of cancer cells
  • PA promotes antioxidant status
  • PA decreases transit time

• PA aids smoking cessation

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11
Q

evidence for PA as cancer intervention

A

prelimianry evidence that exercsie interventions for cancer patients can lead to moderate increase in physical function and are not assocaited with increased symptons of fatigue

but impossible to determine whether exercsie has long term beneficial effects on survival or quality of life

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12
Q

physiological benefits of exercise for people with cancer

A
  • Enhanced physical function & aerobic capacity
  • Improved body composition
  • Decreased nausea
  • Reduced fatigue
  • Improved flexibility
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13
Q

psychological beneifts of exercise for people with cancer

A
  • Greater quality of life
  • Better psychological adjustment
  • Reduced depression and anxiety
  • Maintenance of body image
  • Limited effect on self-esteem
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14
Q

why should we be cautious about benefits of exercise

A

Should advocate exercise for cancer patients to improve QoL, not as a means to fight cancer or improve survival

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15
Q

things to consider when prescribing exercise

A
  • Effects of surgery – Range of motion, pain, scar tissue
  • Deconditioning – Cardiopulmonary function
  • Muscular weakness – Lean body tissue, sarcopenia, scar tissue
  • Treatment side-effects – Fatigue, nausea, weight change
  • Medications – May influence HR response
  • Psychological well-being – Depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, body image
  • Other chronic conditions – CVD/CHD, osteoporosis, diabetes, age
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16
Q

contraindications to exercise

A
  • Haemoglobin level < 10.0 g/dL – Avoid high-intensity (i.e. significant O2 transport burden)
  • Absolute neutrophil count < 0.5 x 109/µL – Avoid activities which increase risk of bacterial infection (e.g. swimming)
  • Platelet count < 50 x 109/µL – Avoid activities with increased risk of bleeding/bruising (e.g. contact)
  • Fever > 38°C (100.4°F) – May indicate systemic infection, so avoid high-intensity exercise
  • Ataxia, dizziness, peripheral sensory neuropathy – Avoid activities which require significant balance & coordination
  • Severe loss of > 35% of pre-morbid weight – Loss of muscle mass usually limits exercise to moderate intensity
  • Dyspnoea – Investigate cause; exercise to tolerance
  • Pain/nausea/fatigue/muscle weakness – Investigate cause; exercise to tolerance
17
Q

cancer and proto-oncogens

A

growth and development
become activated due to risk factors
increase cell divison
- rapid and uncontrolled

18
Q

cancer and tumor supressor gene

A

becomes deactiavted
cannot signal for cell death
protein has changed so no longer recognised

19
Q

what is a teleomere

A

end of a chromosone
base pairs which dont code for anything
act as a buffer - each replication, teleomere gets shorter as we never fully replicate
prevents good sequence getting affected

20
Q

what is an imortal cell

A

cancerous cells have teleomere which continally adds to the teleomere
so never get to senecent stage

21
Q

process of metastasis

A

cell becomes cancerous - divides becoming a neoplasim
once 1 billion + cells can no longer rely on diffusion for supply
angiogensis - own blood suppply = now melignant
breaks into blood and lymph
travels round the body
proliferates into other cells

22
Q

why do many cancers spread to the lungs

A

all blood travels through the lungs

Clinical Exercise Prescription (12 decks)

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