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Clinical Exercise Prescription > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Uk prevelance

A

2019- 3.8 milion people

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2
Q

% of type I

A

10%

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3
Q

% of Type II

A

90%

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4
Q

blood glucose levels fasted and OGTT for normal

A

fasting - <5.6mmol.l

2 hour plasma OGTT - <7.8

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5
Q

blood glucose levels fasted and OGTT for pre-diabetes

A

fasted - 5.6-6.9

2hr post OGTT - 7.8-11

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6
Q

blood glucose levels fasted and OGTT for diabetes

A

fasted- >7

2hr post >11.1

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7
Q

how is type I managed

A

diet
exercise
self adminsted insulin

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8
Q

effect of type I on stroke and heart attack

A

3.5 times more liekly to have a stroke

4 times more liekly to have a heart attack

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9
Q

how is type II managed

A

lifestyle

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10
Q

effect of type II on stroke and heart attack

A

2 time more likley to have storke

2.5 times more likely to have a heart attack

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11
Q

describe type I

A 
juvenile onset 
abrupt onset 
genetic predipostion 
reduced or absent insulin 
10% of cases
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12
Q

describe type II

A 
usually mature onset, now younger 
gradual onset 
genetic predisposition 
hyperinsulinaemia 
90% of cases
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13
Q

how many people die from complications and comorbidites associated with diabetes and what are they

A

more then 500 people die prematurely due to complications from diabetes every week
stroke
heart attack
heart failure

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14
Q

glycogenesis

A

glucose -> glycogen

insulin promotes this

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15
Q

glycogenlysis

A

glycogen -> glucose

insulin inhibits this

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16
Q

gluconeogensis

A

lactacte/AA -> glucose

insulin inhibts this

17
Q

lipolysis

A

TAG -> FA + Glycerol

insulin inhibits this

18
Q

ketogenesis

A

FA -> ketones

insulin inhibits this

19
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Glucose/AA -> TAG

insulin promotes this

20
Q

periperhal neuropathy

A

limited sensation in peripheries
may promote damage, abrasion or ulcers
hyperglycaemia reduces immune function and blood flow

21
Q

how many patients who develop foot ulcers willl require amputation

A

20%

22
Q

exercise impliactions of diabetes

A

– Vision may be impaired
– Joints may hurt (so consider low impact activities)
– Consider peripheral sensation (tripping + avoidance of cuts)
– Appropriate footwear (avoid blisters)

23
Q

risk factors of diabetes

A 
overweigth/obesity 
physical inactivty 
diet 
metabolic syndrome 
ethnicity 
family history 
age 
sex
history of gestational diabetes
24
Q

benefical effects of exercsie for type I

A 
fitness 
insulin requirements 
lipids 
endotheial function 
mortaility 
insulin resistance 
CVD 
well being
25
Q

benefical effects of exercsie for Type II

A 
fitness 
insulin requirements 
lipids 
endotheial function 
mortaility 
insulin resistance 
CVD
blood pressure 
beta cell function 
glycaemic control
26
Q

effect of exercise on mechanisms

A

increased GLUT 4 protein load and translocation

increased GLUT4 Gene actiavtion

27
Q

recommendations aerobic

A

mod to vig
at least 150 mins MVPA
3-7 days a week
HIIT and continous

28
Q

resistance training

A

8-10 exercises
1-3 sets
10-15 reps

29
Q

overall benefits of exercise

A 
social 
improved QoL 
decreased fear of disease 
improved self esteem 
improved metabolic health
increased muscel mass
improved body composition 
improved insulin sensivity 
increased GLUT4 protein load + translocation 
lower CVD risk
30
Q

non/pre-proliferative retinopathy

A

widespread death of periocytes
leaky blood flow due to endothelial growth
- micro-aneurism
- LDL bulid up on back of eye - hard exudates

deteced during eye exam

31
Q

diabetes without retinopathy

A

pericytes exposed to excessive amounts of glucose
unable to process
results in increased blood flow and endothelial cell growth
- no symptons, unable to detect

32
Q

what is role of pericytes

A

pericytes found on capillaries in the eye
help control blood flow and vasotone
prevents endothlial cell proliferation

33
Q

proliferative retionpathy

A 
angiogensis - formation of new blood vessels
retina is hypoxic due to leaks
vasodilation 
VEGF released - encourages angiogensis 
increased blood vessels
can causes detached retina
34
Q

neuropathy = kidney

A

1/5 with diabetes will need kidney treatment
hyperglycemia causes vasoconctriction of efferent
increases pressure in bowmans
damages mesangial
inflammation and oxidatiive stress
capilaries become more leaky = loss of proteins

Clinical Exercise Prescription (12 decks)

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