ECG

Question 1

What degrees is classed as left axis deviation

Answer 1

-30 or more

Question 2

What degrees is right axis deviation

Answer 2

+90 or more

Question 3

Normal pr interval

Answer 3

120-200ms

Question 4

Normal QRS interval

Answer 4

<120ms

Question 5

Normal QTC interval

Answer 5

<450

Question 6

Short qt

Answer 6

<330ms

Question 7

Atrial enlargement on ECG

Answer 7

p wave >2.5mm height or width

Question 8

LVH on ECG

Answer 8

Sokolov-Lyon S wave in V1 + R wave in V5/6 >35mm
OR
LA dev + R wave >11mm in aVL

Question 9

RVH on ecg

Answer 9

Right axis dev + R wave >11mm in aVL

Question 10

Infarct/ischaemia in ecg

Answer 10

ST elevation/depression
De winter t waves
Wellens waves
AVR elevation
AVL inverted T wave

Question 11

Causes of left axis deviation

Answer 11

Left anterior fascicolar block
LBBB
LVH
inferior MI
Ventricular ectopy
Paced rhythm
WPW
Hyperk

Question 12

Causes of right axis deviation

Answer 12

Left posterior fascicular block
RBBB
RVH
lateral MI
Ventricular ectopy
COPD
WPW
PE
HyperK
Na channel blocker toxicity
Normal in young kids

Question 13

Fusion beat

Answer 13

when a supraventricular and a ventricular impulse coincide to produce a hybrid complex. It indicates that there are two foci of pacemaker cells firing simultaneously: a supraventricular pacemaker (e.g. the sinus node) and a competing ventricular pacemaker (source of ventricular ectopics)

Question 14

Capture beat

Answer 14

when the sinoatrial node transiently “captures” the ventricles in the midst of AV dissociation, producing a QRS complex of normal duration

Question 15

How does VT impair cardiac output

Answer 15

Extreme heart rate
Lack of coordinated atrial contraction

Question 16

What can cause VT to degenerate to VF

Answer 16

Decreased myocardial perfusion due to decr Cardiac outpit

Question 17

ACS guidelines

Answer 17

New LBBB or RBBB w cardiac sx
Sgarbossa (inc for ventricular paced rhythms)
Posterior ST depression