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EAS 210 > EAS 210 - Midterm 1 Sample 1 REDO > Flashcards

EAS 210 - Midterm 1 Sample 1 REDO Flashcards

1
Q

What mineral has the greatest hardness?

A

Potassium Feldspar

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2
Q

What types of bonding is present in quartz?

A

Covalent

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3
Q

What is the hardness of gypsum on the Moh scale?

A

H = 2

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4
Q

What is the least reliable clue to a mineral’s identity?

A

Colour

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5
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Parallel to potential crystal faces

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6
Q

What type of mineral are muscovite and pyroxene?

A

Silicate minerals

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7
Q

What is biotite an example of?

A

Sheet silicate

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8
Q

What is olivine composed of?

A

Isolated silica tetrahedra

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9
Q

What is the ratio of the number of oxygen to silicon atoms in a mineral with isolated silica tetrahedra?

A

4

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10
Q

What ion radical is part of carbonate minerals?

A

(CO3)2-

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11
Q

What mineral contains magnesium?

A

Dolomite

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12
Q

What ion radical is part of sulphate minerals?

A

(SO4)2-

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13
Q

What is an example of an oxide mineral?

A

Corundum

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14
Q

What are examples of sulfide minerals?

A

Galena
Pyrite
Sphalerite
Chalocpyrite

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15
Q

Where are most diamonds formed?

A

Upper mantle

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16
Q

What is phaneritic form of rhyolite?

A

Granite

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17
Q

Which mineral is most abundant in the upper mantle?

A

Olivine

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18
Q

How is basalt normally derived?

A

Dry melting of upper mantle rocks

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19
Q

Describe granite

A

A coarse-grained, igneous rock containing quartz and K-feldspar

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20
Q

Describe aphanitic texture.

A

Igneous rocks with grains that cannot be seen without magnification

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21
Q

What is an example of a concordant intrusion?

A

A sill

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22
Q

What igneous rock has the same chemical composition and mineralology as granite?

A

Rhyloite

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23
Q

How is the Andes mountain chain primarily made up?

A

Volcanoes formed at an ocean-continent convergence zone

24
Q

Which of the following statements is true?
A. Felsic rocks contain less silica than mafic rocks.
B. Felsic rocks melt at higher temperatures than mafic rocks.
C. Felsic rocks tend to be lighter-coloured than mafic rocks.
D. Felsic rocks contain more iron than mafic rocks.
E. Felsic rocks contain more magnesium than mafic rocks.

A

C. Felsic rocks tend to be lighter-coloured than mafic rocks.

25
Q

Which of the following statements about igneous rocks is true?
A. Extrusive rocks have larger crystals than intrusive rocks.
B. Extrusive rocks cool more slowly than intrusive rocks.
C. Igneous rocks originate deep in the crust or upper mantle.
D. Intrusive rocks form by crystallization of a lave.
E, Extrusive rocks always have a different chemical composition than intrusive rocks.

A

C. Igneous rocks originate deep in the crust or upper mantle.

26
Q

What is a porphyry?

A

An igneous rock that contains large crystals in a finer matrix

27
Q

Which mineral is most likely to be found in felsic than in other types of igneous rocks?

A

Quartz

28
Q

Describe the relationship between lava viscosity and temperature.

A

Lava viscosity increases as temperature decreases

29
Q

What is a crater?

A

The negative feature/depression found at the top of most central volcanoes.

30
Q

What igneous rock texture are phenocrysts typically associated with?

A

Porphyritic

31
Q

What happens to the grains as sediment is transported downstream?

A

They tend to become smaller

32
Q

What is the rate of weathering affected by?

A

Climate
Rock type
Soil
Elevation

33
Q

Types of chemical weathering

A

Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Dissolution
Dissolving

34
Q

What happens to the particles as sediment is transported downstream?

A

They tend to become rounded and smaller

35
Q

What type of environment is a beach an example of?

A

Transitional sedimentary environment

36
Q

List the following in order of increasing particle/grain size:
Conglomerate | Mudstone | Sandstone

A

Mudstone, Sandstone, Conglomerate

37
Q

What type of mineral is kaolinite?

A

Clay mineral

38
Q

What do you call sediment with an average grain size of 0.1 mm?

A

Sand

39
Q

What are some examples of clastic sedimentary rocks?

A

Arenite
Conglomerate
Sandstone
Breccia

40
Q

What are biochemical rocks?

A

Sedimentary rocks that owe their origin at least in part to the activity of organisms

41
Q

What mineral is found in limestone?

A

Calcite

42
Q

Limestone is an example of what type of rock?

A

Biochemical sedimentary rock

43
Q

Which sedimentary rock is used in fertilizer production?

A

Potash

44
Q

What is the last group of minerals to precipitate in evaporite formation?

A

Potassium salts

45
Q

How is petroleum derived?

A

From organic matter deposited in marine sediments

46
Q

Which rock represents the lowest metamorphic grade?

A

Slate

47
Q

What is the sedimentary precursor of slate?

A

Shale

48
Q

What is prograde metamorphism?

A

Begins with low grade rocks and produces high grade rocks

49
Q

A shale undergoes regional metamorphism. Which combination of index mineral and rock does NOT occur?

A

Sillimanite - phyllite

50
Q

Which metamorphic rock is non-foliated?

A

Quartzite

51
Q

How are metamorphic minerals aligned?

A

In response to differential stress.

52
Q

A temperature of 120°C is measured at the bottom of a 3000 m deep geothermal well. What is the geothermal gradient?

A

40°C/km

53
Q

What is cataclasite?

A

A metamorphic rock formed in the brittel part of a fault in the upper crust

54
Q

A shield is a region of crystalline rock exposed at the surface that has not been affected by tectonics for approximately how many years?

A

2500 million years

55
Q

What rock is formed by the metamorphism of sandstone?

A

Quartzite

EAS 210 (9 decks)

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