EAS 210 - Midterm 1 Sample 1 REDO Flashcards
What mineral has the greatest hardness?
Potassium Feldspar
What types of bonding is present in quartz?
Covalent
What is the hardness of gypsum on the Moh scale?
H = 2
What is the least reliable clue to a mineral’s identity?
Colour
What is cleavage?
Parallel to potential crystal faces
What type of mineral are muscovite and pyroxene?
Silicate minerals
What is biotite an example of?
Sheet silicate
What is olivine composed of?
Isolated silica tetrahedra
What is the ratio of the number of oxygen to silicon atoms in a mineral with isolated silica tetrahedra?
4
What ion radical is part of carbonate minerals?
(CO3)2-
What mineral contains magnesium?
Dolomite
What ion radical is part of sulphate minerals?
(SO4)2-
What is an example of an oxide mineral?
Corundum
What are examples of sulfide minerals?
Galena
Pyrite
Sphalerite
Chalocpyrite
Where are most diamonds formed?
Upper mantle
What is phaneritic form of rhyolite?
Granite
Which mineral is most abundant in the upper mantle?
Olivine
How is basalt normally derived?
Dry melting of upper mantle rocks
Describe granite
A coarse-grained, igneous rock containing quartz and K-feldspar
Describe aphanitic texture.
Igneous rocks with grains that cannot be seen without magnification
What is an example of a concordant intrusion?
A sill
What igneous rock has the same chemical composition and mineralology as granite?
Rhyloite
How is the Andes mountain chain primarily made up?
Volcanoes formed at an ocean-continent convergence zone
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Felsic rocks contain less silica than mafic rocks.
B. Felsic rocks melt at higher temperatures than mafic rocks.
C. Felsic rocks tend to be lighter-coloured than mafic rocks.
D. Felsic rocks contain more iron than mafic rocks.
E. Felsic rocks contain more magnesium than mafic rocks.
C. Felsic rocks tend to be lighter-coloured than mafic rocks.
Which of the following statements about igneous rocks is true?
A. Extrusive rocks have larger crystals than intrusive rocks.
B. Extrusive rocks cool more slowly than intrusive rocks.
C. Igneous rocks originate deep in the crust or upper mantle.
D. Intrusive rocks form by crystallization of a lave.
E, Extrusive rocks always have a different chemical composition than intrusive rocks.
C. Igneous rocks originate deep in the crust or upper mantle.
What is a porphyry?
An igneous rock that contains large crystals in a finer matrix
Which mineral is most likely to be found in felsic than in other types of igneous rocks?
Quartz
Describe the relationship between lava viscosity and temperature.
Lava viscosity increases as temperature decreases
What is a crater?
The negative feature/depression found at the top of most central volcanoes.
What igneous rock texture are phenocrysts typically associated with?
Porphyritic
What happens to the grains as sediment is transported downstream?
They tend to become smaller
What is the rate of weathering affected by?
Climate
Rock type
Soil
Elevation
Types of chemical weathering
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Dissolution
Dissolving
What happens to the particles as sediment is transported downstream?
They tend to become rounded and smaller
What type of environment is a beach an example of?
Transitional sedimentary environment
List the following in order of increasing particle/grain size:
Conglomerate | Mudstone | Sandstone
Mudstone, Sandstone, Conglomerate
What type of mineral is kaolinite?
Clay mineral
What do you call sediment with an average grain size of 0.1 mm?
Sand
What are some examples of clastic sedimentary rocks?
Arenite
Conglomerate
Sandstone
Breccia
What are biochemical rocks?
Sedimentary rocks that owe their origin at least in part to the activity of organisms
What mineral is found in limestone?
Calcite
Limestone is an example of what type of rock?
Biochemical sedimentary rock
Which sedimentary rock is used in fertilizer production?
Potash
What is the last group of minerals to precipitate in evaporite formation?
Potassium salts
How is petroleum derived?
From organic matter deposited in marine sediments
Which rock represents the lowest metamorphic grade?
Slate
What is the sedimentary precursor of slate?
Shale
What is prograde metamorphism?
Begins with low grade rocks and produces high grade rocks
A shale undergoes regional metamorphism. Which combination of index mineral and rock does NOT occur?
Sillimanite - phyllite
Which metamorphic rock is non-foliated?
Quartzite
How are metamorphic minerals aligned?
In response to differential stress.
A temperature of 120°C is measured at the bottom of a 3000 m deep geothermal well. What is the geothermal gradient?
40°C/km
What is cataclasite?
A metamorphic rock formed in the brittel part of a fault in the upper crust
A shield is a region of crystalline rock exposed at the surface that has not been affected by tectonics for approximately how many years?
2500 million years
What rock is formed by the metamorphism of sandstone?
Quartzite
