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EAS 210 > EAS 210 - Lecture Notes > Flashcards

EAS 210 - Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the earth

A

Inner core (solid iron)
Outer core (liquid iron)
Mantle (silicate mineral with Fe, Mg)
Crust (silicate mineral with Na, Ca, Al)
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere

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2
Q

Which layer of the earth is made up of tectonic plates?

A

Lithosphere

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3
Q

Describe Minerals(5)

A
  1. Naturally occurring
  2. solid at surface pressure and temperature
  3. regular internal structure of atoms (crystalline)
  4. narrowly defined chemical composition
  5. Usually inorganic
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4
Q

Luster

A

The quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral

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5
Q

Mohs Scale (1-10)

A

10 - Diamond
9 - Corundum
8 - Topaz
7 - Quartz
6 - Potassium Feldspar
5 - apatite
4 - Fluorite
3 - Calcite
2 - Gypsum
1 - Talc

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6
Q

What is fracture? What are the different kinds of fracture?

A

Fracture refers to the irregular breakage of a mineral
Irregular
Splintery
Conchoidal (curved surface)

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7
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

Molten rock (magma or lava) solidifies

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8
Q

Magma vs. Lava

A

Magma is molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth
Once magma reaches the surface, it is called lava

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9
Q

Intrusive vs. Extrusive

A

Intrusive cools slowly underground
Extrusive reaches the surface and cools quickly

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10
Q

Felsic vs. Mafic

A

Felsic - high silica, lower melting point, high viscosity
Mafic - low silica, higher melting point, low viscosity

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11
Q

List the 4 common chemical compositions of igneous rocks. Additionally, list the rock pair and their silica percentages

A

Felsic: Granite/Rhyolite, more than 65% silica
Intermediate: Diorite/Andesite, 65-53% silica
Mafic: Gabbro/Basalt, 52-45% silica
Ultramafic: Peridotite/Komatiite, <45% silica

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12
Q

Magmatic Differentiation

A

As magma cools, mafic minerals are the first to crystallize (and sink to the bottom). This makes the composition of the remaining liquid more felsic

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13
Q

What does Bowen’s reaction series show?

A

The sequence in which minerals crystallize from magma

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14
Q

Viscosity relationships (silica and temperature)

A

Increasing silica increases viscosity
Increasing temperature decreases viscosity

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15
Q

Shield Volcano

A

Formed by mafic lavas with low viscosity
Very gentle slopes
Common in Hawaii

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16
Q

Cinder Cone

A

A.K.A Scoria Cone
Typically formed by one eruptive episode and considered a monogenetic volcano

17
Q

Composite Volcano

A

A.K.A Strato-Volcano
Alternating layers of ash and lava
Steeper slopes than shield volcanoes because the lava is more viscous
Generally andesite-rhyolite
Symmetry implies young and active
Very unstable and liable to collapse with major landslides
Usually several millions years for a lifespan

18
Q

Calderas

A

Form towards the end of the lifecycle of an arc volcano

19
Q

Where are most volcanoes located?

A

On plate boundaries. Plate tectonics explain volcano types

20
Q

Where are most volcanoes located?

A

On plate boundaries. Plate tectonics explain volcano types

21
Q

Weathering

A

The physical and/or chemical breakdown of rock at or near the surface of the Earth to produce sediment

22
Q

Mechanical Weathering and the 3 types

A

Breaks the rock into smaller pieces. Important because the increase in surface area allows chemical weathering to be more effective
Frost Wedging
Sheeting
Biological Activity

23
Q

Chemical Weathering and the 3 types

A

Chemical reactions breakdown rock. End result is chemical sediment (Ions dissolved in water). Hot wand wet environments accelerate chemical weathering
Dissolution
Oxidation
Hydrolysis

24
Q

Spheroidal Weathering

A

The concept that chemical weathering is faster on corners and produces a smooth shape

25
Q

Two types of sediment

A

Detrital and Chemical

26
Q

Three types of sedimentary environments

A
  1. Continental (Glacial Deposits)
  2. Transitional (the transition from continent to ocean)
  3. Marine (continental shelf)
27
Q

List and Describe the two main lithification steps

A

Compaction: Particles pack more closely together
Cementation: Glues the particles together to form rocks

28
Q

Metamorphism

A

The transformation of rocks as the result of heat, pressure, and/or fluid activity
Occurs below the melting point in the solid state

29
Q

Metamorphic grade

A

The degree of metamorphic change a rock has undergone

EAS 210 (9 decks)

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