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EAS 210 > EAS 210 - Final Exam Version 1 > Flashcards

EAS 210 - Final Exam Version 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What types of bonds are in quartz?

A

Covalent

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2
Q

What ion radical is part of silicate minerals?

A

(SiO4)4-

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3
Q

What type of cleavage does potassium feldspar have?

A

Two directions at right angles

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4
Q

What is pyroxene composed of?

A

Single chains of silica tetrahedra

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5
Q

Which of the following minerals contains magnesium?
A. Dolomite
B. Calcite
C. Gypsum
D. Halite
E. Anhydrite

A

A. Dolomite

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6
Q

What type of mineral is corundum?

A

An oxide mineral

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7
Q

What minerals are sulfide minerals?

A

Galena
Pyrite
Sphalerite
Chalocpyrite

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8
Q

What type of mineral is sylvite?

A

A halide mineral

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9
Q

What is the phaneritic form of rhyolite?

A

Granite

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10
Q

What is the name of a coarse-grained, igneous rock containing quartz and K-feldspar?

A

Granite

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11
Q

Describe the phaneritic texture of igneous rocks.

A

Grains are large enough to be seen without magnification

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12
Q

What igneous rock has the same chemical composition and mineralogy as granite?

A

Rhyolite

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13
Q

What are the Andes mountains chains primarily made up of?

A

Volcanoes formed at an ocean-continent convergence zone

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14
Q

List the following in order of increasing silica content:
Andesite | Basalt | Rhyolite

A

Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite

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15
Q

What is a Porphyry?

A

An igneous rock that contains large crystals in a finer matrix

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16
Q

What are pyroclasts?

A

Solidified volcanic material ejected into the air

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17
Q

A beach is an example of what type of environment?

A

A transitional sedimentary environment.

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18
Q

What type of mineral is Kaolinite?

A

A clay mineral

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19
Q

List the following in order of increasing particle/grain size:
Conglomerate | Mudstone | Sandstone

A

Mudstone, Sandstone, Conglomerate

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20
Q

What are the properties used to classify detrital sediment?

A

Size
Sorting
Composition of grains

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21
Q

What would sediment with an average grain size of 1 mm be called?

A

Sand

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22
Q

Arkose is a clastic sedimentary rock containing how much feldspar?

A

More than 25%

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23
Q

What is an example of a chemical sedimentary rock?

A

Potash

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24
Q

What is the last group of minerals to precipitate in evaporite formation?

A

Potash Salts

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25
Q

What rocks represent the lowest metamorphic grade?

A

Slate

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26
Q

What index mineral corresponds to the highest metamorphic grade?

A

Sillimanite

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27
Q

What is the sedimentary precursor of slate?

A

Shale

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28
Q

What type of metamorphism begins with low grade rocks and produces high grade rocks?

A

Prograde

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29
Q

What metamorphic rock is non-foliated?

A

Quartzite

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30
Q

How are metamorphic rocks aligned?

A

In response to differential stress

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31
Q

What is blueschist facies?

A

An assemblage of minerals formed under high pressure, low temperature metamorphism

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32
Q

What is the sedimentary precursor of marble?

A

Limestone

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33
Q

Which of the following statements is false?
A. Liquids do not transmit S-waves
B. P-waves travel more slowly in the outer core than in the lower mantle
C. The shadow zone for P-waves is larger than for S-waves
D. Seismic waves follow curved paths within the Earth
E. Seismic waves are reflected from the surface of the Earth

A

C. The shadow zone for P-waves is larger than for S-waves

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34
Q

What scale is an earthquake’s observed effect on people and structures measured on?

A

Modified Mercalli Scale

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35
Q

What is the focus?

A

The subsurface point at which an earthquake begins to rupture

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36
Q

What are earthquakes with a foci deeper than 100 km associated with?

A

Convergent plate boundaries

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37
Q

List the following in order of decreasing velocities:
Love Wave | P-Wave | S-Wave

A

P-Wave, S-Wave, Love Wave

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38
Q

Describe the elastic rebound theory.

A

Rocks will bend before they break
Rocks will snap back into their original shape before faulting
Rocks will break when their ability to deform has been exceeded

39
Q

Earthquakes occur from the surface to what maximum depth?

A

600 km

40
Q

In what year did the last megathrust earthquake in the Cascadia subduction zone occur?

A

1700

41
Q

What is the maximum thickness of the continental crust?

A

Approximately 80 km

42
Q

Which of the following statements about the Earth’s crust is true?
A. Oceanic crust is generally thicker and continental crust thinner.
B. Oceanic crust is generally thinner and continental crust thicker.
C. Oceanic crust may be thicker or thinner than continental crust.
D. Oceanic and continental crust have exactly the same thickness

A

B. Oceanic crust is generally thinner and continental crust thicker

43
Q

What can a craton be divided into?

A

Shield and Platform

44
Q

Where are most of the world’s convergent plate boundaries located?

A

Pacific Ocean

45
Q

In a subduction zone, the volcanoes are located where the subducting plate is at what depth?

A

Approximately 200 km

46
Q

What are volcanic arcs associated with?

A

Ocean-ocean convergent plate boundaries

47
Q

What is the radius of the Earth?

A

Approximately 6000 km

48
Q

What is the geoid?

A

An irregular surface that has constant gravitational potential energy

49
Q

What are oxbow lakes associated with?

A

Meandering streams

50
Q

What is the competence of a stream?

A

The maximum particle size that the stream can transport

51
Q

What is the general term for sediment deposited by glaciers?

A

Drift

52
Q

What is an ice shelf?

A

The part of an ice sheet that is floating on sea water

53
Q

What happens when a glacier retreats?

A

The rate of ablation exceeds the rate of accumulation

54
Q

Which mass movement has a rotational component?

A

Slump

55
Q

What weather condition is most likely to cause landslides?

A

Heavy rain

56
Q

What is a fall?

A

A form of mass wasting characterized by the rapid vertical motion of a material under the influence of gravity

57
Q

A mineral grain contains 4 million parent atoms of radioactive element with a half life of 1 million years. After 4 million years, how many parent atoms will remain?

A

.25 million

58
Q

A radioactive element has a half life of 5 million years. A mineral grain contains 1/8 of the original parent atoms. How old is the grain?

A

15 million years old

59
Q

What is alpha decay?

A

The loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons from the nucleus of an atom.

60
Q

List the eons in Earth’s history from oldest to youngest:
Archean | Hadean | Phanerozoic | Proterozoic

A

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic

61
Q

The geological structure of Alberta is characterized by a ____ aged sedimentary basin that overlies crystalline rocks of _____ age.

A

Phanerozoic Precambrian

62
Q

How long ago did the Precambrian end?

A

541 million years ago

63
Q

How long ago did the Archean eon end?

A

2500 million years

64
Q

How long ago did the Paleozoic era begin?

A

541 million years ago

65
Q

When did the Triassic period occur?

A

During the Mesozoic era

66
Q

Most of the rocks present on the surface in Alberta were formed during which era?

A

Phanerozoic

67
Q

What is an example of a secondary structure in deformed sedimentary rock?

A

Folds

68
Q

A cylinder of rock is 1 m long. Longitudinal stress is applied and the length increases by 0.1 mm. What is the longitudinal strain?

A

0.0001

69
Q

What is dip?

A

The angle between a sedimentary bed and horizontal bed

70
Q

Which of the following statements about synclines is true?
A. The oldest rocks are in the center, and the limbs dip away from it.
B. The oldest rocks are in the center, and the limbs dip toward it.
C. The youngest rocks are in the center, and the limbs dip away from it.
D. The youngest rocks are in the center, and the limbs dip toward it.

A

D. The youngest limbs are in the center, and the limbs dip toward it

71
Q

On the surface of what planet have strike-slip faults been observed?

A

Mars

72
Q

What is strike-slip motion?

A

Earthquakes on transform faults

73
Q

What are examples of dip-slip faults?

A

Normal Faults
Reverse Faults
Thrust Faults

74
Q

The _____ is located between the surface and the water table and is _____ with water.

A

Zone of aeration - Partially saturated

75
Q

What is the water table?

A

The boundary between saturated and unsaturated layers in the Earth

76
Q

List the following in order of increasing permeability:
Sandstone | Shale | Soil

A

Shale, Sandstone, Soil

77
Q

List the following in order of increasing porosity:
Sandstone | Shale | Soil

A

Shale, Sandstone, Soil

78
Q

A rock has a porosity of 40% and is saturated with water. It is drained with a specific yield of 30%. What is the specific retention?

A

10%

79
Q

What does secondary porosity include?

A

Voids formed as groundwater flow dissolves in the rock

80
Q

What is a sink hole?

A

A landform often seen in karst terrain

81
Q

What is a speleothem?

A

A feature formed in a cave by deposition of chemical sediment

82
Q

What are rock layers in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin used for?

A

Extraction of groundwater
Extraction of oil
Disposal of waste water
Extraction of geothermal heat

83
Q

How does the depth of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin change across alberta?

A

Increases from East to West across Alberta

84
Q

What is an example of a degraded hydrocarbon?

A

Bitumen

85
Q

Where are Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide (VMS) deposits formed?

A

At mid-ocean ridges

86
Q

How are Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) deposits formed?

A

As fluid flows within a sedimentary basin

87
Q

How are Placer Gold deposits formed?

A

When a river transports gold grains as sediment and deposits them where the current slows down

88
Q

How is oil formed?

A

From the organic material deposited in marine sediments

89
Q

Which hydrocarbon will produce the greatest amount of heat for a given amount of carbon dioxide?

A

Methane

90
Q

The oil window refers to the region where kerogen turns into oil and has a typical depth range of:

A

2-4 km

91
Q

Where is shale gas found and how is it extracted?

A

Shale gas is found in low permeability rock layers and requires hydraulic fracturing to be extracted

92
Q

What method produces the largest amount of electricity in Canada?

A

Hydroelectricity

93
Q

What country produces the most electricity from geothermal energy in absolute terms?

A

United States

EAS 210 (9 decks)

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