EAS 210 - Final Exam Version 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What types of bonds are in quartz?
A
Covalent
2
Q
What ion radical is part of silicate minerals?
A
(SiO4)4-
3
Q
What type of cleavage does potassium feldspar have?
A
Two directions at right angles
4
Q
What is pyroxene composed of?
A
Single chains of silica tetrahedra
5
Q
Which of the following minerals contains magnesium?
A. Dolomite
B. Calcite
C. Gypsum
D. Halite
E. Anhydrite
A
A. Dolomite
6
Q
What type of mineral is corundum?
A
An oxide mineral
7
Q
What minerals are sulfide minerals?
A
Galena
Pyrite
Sphalerite
Chalocpyrite
8
Q
What type of mineral is sylvite?
A
A halide mineral
9
Q
What is the phaneritic form of rhyolite?
A
Granite
10
Q
What is the name of a coarse-grained, igneous rock containing quartz and K-feldspar?
A
Granite
11
Q
Describe the phaneritic texture of igneous rocks.
A
Grains are large enough to be seen without magnification
12
Q
What igneous rock has the same chemical composition and mineralogy as granite?
A
Rhyolite
13
Q
What are the Andes mountains chains primarily made up of?
A
Volcanoes formed at an ocean-continent convergence zone
14
Q
List the following in order of increasing silica content:
Andesite | Basalt | Rhyolite
A
Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite
15
Q
What is a Porphyry?
A
An igneous rock that contains large crystals in a finer matrix
16
Q
What are pyroclasts?
A
Solidified volcanic material ejected into the air
17
Q
A beach is an example of what type of environment?
A
A transitional sedimentary environment.
18
Q
What type of mineral is Kaolinite?
A
A clay mineral
19
Q
List the following in order of increasing particle/grain size:
Conglomerate | Mudstone | Sandstone
A
Mudstone, Sandstone, Conglomerate
20
Q
What are the properties used to classify detrital sediment?
A
Size
Sorting
Composition of grains
21
Q
What would sediment with an average grain size of 1 mm be called?
A
Sand
22
Q
Arkose is a clastic sedimentary rock containing how much feldspar?
A
More than 25%
23
Q
What is an example of a chemical sedimentary rock?
A
Potash
24
Q
What is the last group of minerals to precipitate in evaporite formation?
A
Potash Salts
25
What rocks represent the lowest metamorphic grade?
Slate
26
What index mineral corresponds to the highest metamorphic grade?
Sillimanite
27
What is the sedimentary precursor of slate?
Shale
28
What type of metamorphism begins with low grade rocks and produces high grade rocks?
Prograde
29
What metamorphic rock is non-foliated?
Quartzite
30
How are metamorphic rocks aligned?
In response to differential stress
31
What is blueschist facies?
An assemblage of minerals formed under high pressure, low temperature metamorphism
32
What is the sedimentary precursor of marble?
Limestone
33
Which of the following statements is false?
A. Liquids do not transmit S-waves
B. P-waves travel more slowly in the outer core than in the lower mantle
C. The shadow zone for P-waves is larger than for S-waves
D. Seismic waves follow curved paths within the Earth
E. Seismic waves are reflected from the surface of the Earth
C. The shadow zone for P-waves is larger than for S-waves
34
What scale is an earthquake's observed effect on people and structures measured on?
Modified Mercalli Scale
35
What is the focus?
The subsurface point at which an earthquake begins to rupture
36
What are earthquakes with a foci deeper than 100 km associated with?
Convergent plate boundaries
37
List the following in order of decreasing velocities:
Love Wave | P-Wave | S-Wave
P-Wave, S-Wave, Love Wave
38
Describe the elastic rebound theory.
Rocks will bend before they break
Rocks will snap back into their original shape before faulting
Rocks will break when their ability to deform has been exceeded
39
Earthquakes occur from the surface to what maximum depth?
600 km
40
In what year did the last megathrust earthquake in the Cascadia subduction zone occur?
1700
41
What is the maximum thickness of the continental crust?
Approximately 80 km
42
Which of the following statements about the Earth's crust is true?
A. Oceanic crust is generally thicker and continental crust thinner.
B. Oceanic crust is generally thinner and continental crust thicker.
C. Oceanic crust may be thicker or thinner than continental crust.
D. Oceanic and continental crust have exactly the same thickness
B. Oceanic crust is generally thinner and continental crust thicker
43
What can a craton be divided into?
Shield and Platform
44
Where are most of the world's convergent plate boundaries located?
Pacific Ocean
45
In a subduction zone, the volcanoes are located where the subducting plate is at what depth?
Approximately 200 km
46
What are volcanic arcs associated with?
Ocean-ocean convergent plate boundaries
47
What is the radius of the Earth?
Approximately 6000 km
48
What is the geoid?
An irregular surface that has constant gravitational potential energy
49
What are oxbow lakes associated with?
Meandering streams
50
What is the competence of a stream?
The maximum particle size that the stream can transport
51
What is the general term for sediment deposited by glaciers?
Drift
52
What is an ice shelf?
The part of an ice sheet that is floating on sea water
53
What happens when a glacier retreats?
The rate of ablation exceeds the rate of accumulation
54
Which mass movement has a rotational component?
Slump
55
What weather condition is most likely to cause landslides?
Heavy rain
56
What is a fall?
A form of mass wasting characterized by the rapid vertical motion of a material under the influence of gravity
57
A mineral grain contains 4 million parent atoms of radioactive element with a half life of 1 million years. After 4 million years, how many parent atoms will remain?
.25 million
58
A radioactive element has a half life of 5 million years. A mineral grain contains 1/8 of the original parent atoms. How old is the grain?
15 million years old
59
What is alpha decay?
The loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons from the nucleus of an atom.
60
List the eons in Earth's history from oldest to youngest:
Archean | Hadean | Phanerozoic | Proterozoic
Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic
61
The geological structure of Alberta is characterized by a ____ aged sedimentary basin that overlies crystalline rocks of _____ age.
Phanerozoic Precambrian
62
How long ago did the Precambrian end?
541 million years ago
63
How long ago did the Archean eon end?
2500 million years
64
How long ago did the Paleozoic era begin?
541 million years ago
65
When did the Triassic period occur?
During the Mesozoic era
66
Most of the rocks present on the surface in Alberta were formed during which era?
Phanerozoic
67
What is an example of a secondary structure in deformed sedimentary rock?
Folds
68
A cylinder of rock is 1 m long. Longitudinal stress is applied and the length increases by 0.1 mm. What is the longitudinal strain?
0.0001
69
What is dip?
The angle between a sedimentary bed and horizontal bed
70
Which of the following statements about synclines is true?
A. The oldest rocks are in the center, and the limbs dip away from it.
B. The oldest rocks are in the center, and the limbs dip toward it.
C. The youngest rocks are in the center, and the limbs dip away from it.
D. The youngest rocks are in the center, and the limbs dip toward it.
D. The youngest limbs are in the center, and the limbs dip toward it
71
On the surface of what planet have strike-slip faults been observed?
Mars
72
What is strike-slip motion?
Earthquakes on transform faults
73
What are examples of dip-slip faults?
Normal Faults
Reverse Faults
Thrust Faults
74
The _____ is located between the surface and the water table and is _____ with water.
Zone of aeration - Partially saturated
75
What is the water table?
The boundary between saturated and unsaturated layers in the Earth
76
List the following in order of increasing permeability:
Sandstone | Shale | Soil
Shale, Sandstone, Soil
77
List the following in order of increasing porosity:
Sandstone | Shale | Soil
Shale, Sandstone, Soil
78
A rock has a porosity of 40% and is saturated with water. It is drained with a specific yield of 30%. What is the specific retention?
10%
79
What does secondary porosity include?
Voids formed as groundwater flow dissolves in the rock
80
What is a sink hole?
A landform often seen in karst terrain
81
What is a speleothem?
A feature formed in a cave by deposition of chemical sediment
82
What are rock layers in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin used for?
Extraction of groundwater
Extraction of oil
Disposal of waste water
Extraction of geothermal heat
83
How does the depth of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin change across alberta?
Increases from East to West across Alberta
84
What is an example of a degraded hydrocarbon?
Bitumen
85
Where are Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide (VMS) deposits formed?
At mid-ocean ridges
86
How are Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) deposits formed?
As fluid flows within a sedimentary basin
87
How are Placer Gold deposits formed?
When a river transports gold grains as sediment and deposits them where the current slows down
88
How is oil formed?
From the organic material deposited in marine sediments
89
Which hydrocarbon will produce the greatest amount of heat for a given amount of carbon dioxide?
Methane
90
The oil window refers to the region where kerogen turns into oil and has a typical depth range of:
2-4 km
91
Where is shale gas found and how is it extracted?
Shale gas is found in low permeability rock layers and requires hydraulic fracturing to be extracted
92
What method produces the largest amount of electricity in Canada?
Hydroelectricity
93
What country produces the most electricity from geothermal energy in absolute terms?
United States
