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11- STEM > EARTH SCI. (Exogenic Process and Minerals) > Flashcards

EARTH SCI. (Exogenic Process and Minerals) Flashcards

1
Q

________ _________ ARE PROCESSES THAT TAKE PLACE AT OR NEAR THE EARTH’S SURFACE THAT MAKES THE SURFACE WEAR AWAY.

A

EXOGENIC
PROCESSES

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2
Q

_________ _________ ARE VERY DESTRUCTIVE, THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEGRADATION AND SCULPTING THE EARTH’S SURFACE.

A

EXOGENIC
PROCESSES

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
EXOGENIC
PROCESSES ARE NOT VERY DESTRUCTIVE

A

FALSE

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4
Q

TYPES OF EXOGENIC
PROCESSES

A

WEATHERING, EROSION, SEDIMENTATION, AND MASS WASTING

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5
Q

The process of breaks down rocks into smaller pieces.

A

Weathering

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6
Q

Happens when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces

A

Physical Weathering

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7
Q

Factors that affect Physical Weathering:

A

Ice Wedging
Release of Pressure
Growth of Plants
Animal
Abrasion

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8
Q

H2O seeps in rock, expands, crack rocks into smaller pieces.

A

ICE WEDGING

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9
Q

Surface rock erodes, rock flakes like onion layers.

A

RELEASE OF PRESSURE

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10
Q

Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart.

A

GROWTH OF PLANTS

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11
Q

Burrow and push apart rock.

A

ANIMALS

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12
Q

Sand and rock carried by wind, water, ice wears away surface rock when rocks collide. Most common in windy areas

A

ABRASION

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13
Q

The process of breaking down rock through chemical changes.

A

Chemical Weathering

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14
Q

Factors that affect Chemical Weathering:

A

WATER
OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE
LIVING ORGANISMS
ACID RAIN

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15
Q

Water dissolves rock chemically.

A

WATER

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16
Q

CO2 dissolves in rainwater and weathers marble and limestone.

A

CARBON DIOXIDE

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17
Q

Acids from plants and roots chemically weather rock.

A

LIVING ORGANISMS

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18
Q

Air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rock as acid rain.

A

ACID RAIN

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19
Q

Rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rusts.

A

OXYGEN

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20
Q

Refers to the disintegration or disaggregation of rocks by physically breaking them apart.

A

Physical Weathering

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21
Q

Refers to the decomposition of rocks and minerals as chemical reactions alter them into new substances.

A

Chemical Weathering

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22
Q

Those rock particles carried away by the wind, water, ice, and gravity.

A

Erosion

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23
Q

What are the Agents of Erosion?

A

Wind
Water
Ice
Gravity

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24
Q

________ by _____ changes the shape of coastlines. Waves constantly crash against shores. They pound rocks into pebbles and reduce pebbles to sand. Water sometimes takes sand away from beaches. This moves the coastline farther inland.

A

Erosion by water

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25
Q

_______ by ____ carries dust, sand, and volcanic ash from one place to another. Wind can sometimes blow sand into towering dunes.

A

Erosion by win

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26
Q

_______ by ___ can erode the land. In frigid areas and on some mountaintops, glaciers move slowly downhill and across the land. As they move, they pick up everything in their path, from tiny grains of sand to huge boulders.

A

Erosion by ice

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27
Q

________ by _______pulls any loose bits down the side of a hill or mountain.

A

Gravity Erosion/Erosion by Gravity

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28
Q

Better known as Mass Movement.

A

Gravity Erosion/Erosion by Gravity

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29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Erosion by wind changes the shape of coastlines. Waves constantly crash against shores. They pound rocks into pebbles and reduce pebbles to sand. Water sometimes takes sand away from beaches. This moves the coastline farther inland.

A

FALSE; WATER

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Erosion by water can erode the land. In frigid areas and on some mountaintops, glaciers move slowly downhill and across the land. As they move, they pick up everything in their path, from tiny grains of sand to huge boulders.

A

FALSE; ICE

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Gravity pulls any loose bits down the side of a hill or mountain. Gravity Erosion is better known as Mass Movement.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Erosion by wind carries dust, sand, and volcanic ash from one place to another. Wind can sometimes blow sand into towering dunes.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Erosion by wind carries dust, sand, and volcanic ash from one place to another. Wind can sometimes blow sand into towering dunes.

A

TRUE

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33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
EROSION BEGINS WITH A PROCESS CALLED WEATHERING

A

TRUE

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34
Q

WEATHERING causes the rocks to breakdown while EROSION transport/moves the sediments downhill to another place.

A

TRUE

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35
Q

ADDIOTIONAL INFO. ABOUT WEATHERING AND ERSOSION:

A

Regolith
Sediments
Moving Water
People
Weathering and Erosion

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36
Q

When weathered rock remains in place and remains in its pure state.

A

REGOLITH

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37
Q

When weathered material is removed from the site of weathering.

A

SEDIMENT

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38
Q

It is the main agent of erosion.

A

MOVING WATER/WATER

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39
Q

Nowadays, _______ became one of the causes of erosion.

A

PEOPLE

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40
Q

Weathered rock material will be removed from its original site and transported away by a natural agent.

A

WEATHERING AND EROSION

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41
Q

It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid

A

SEDIMENTATION

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42
Q

_____ ______ are those areas found in the sea. They can be relatively inactive- where deposits of sediment slowly collect or active areas where tectonic plates meet.

an oceanic basin is anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater. Geologically, ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level. (Wikipedia)

A

Ocean Basins

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43
Q

It is the movement of rock, soil and regolith downward due to the action of gravity.

A

MASS WASTING

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44
Q

It is triggered by the following factors:

A

OVER-STEEPENED SLOPE
WATER
EARTHQUAKE
VEGETATION REMOVAL

45
Q

Rapid movements are commonly found in steep slopes while slow movements are found on gentle slopes.

A

OVER-STEEPENED SLOPE

46
Q

Rainwater adds weight and acts as a lubricant to weathered material.

A

WATER

47
Q

It is a vibration and also a factor that triggers mass wasting.

A

EARTHQUAKE

48
Q

The lack of vegetation cover to hold the loose particles.

A

VEGETATION REMOVAL

49
Q

2 TYPE OF MATERIAL (MASS WASTING)

A

Debris, mud, or earth (If soil and regolith dominate) and
Rock (when a mass of bedrock break).

50
Q

3 TYPE OF MOTION

A

FALL (The free fall of detached individual pieces of any size.)

SLIDE (A distinct zone of weakness separating the slide material from the more stable underlying material.)

FLOW (Occurs when material moves down slope as a viscous fluid.)

51
Q

The free fall of detached individual pieces of any size

A

FALL

52
Q

A distinct zone of weakness separating the slide material from the more stable underlying material

A

SLIDE

53
Q

Occurs when material moves down slope as a viscous fluid

A

FLOW

54
Q

THE 8 CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING:

A

Slump
Solifluction
Earthflow
Mudflow
Debris slide
Debris flow
Rock Fall
Soil Creep

55
Q

A type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved surface.

A

Slump

56
Q

__________ is the slow downhill flow of soil.

A

Solifluction

57
Q

____________ a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water and moves under the pull of gravity.

A

Earthflow

58
Q

It occurs when mud travels down a slope very quickly.

A

Mudflow

59
Q

A ______ _____ is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of rocks, soil, and debris mixed with water and/or ice.

A

Debris Slide

60
Q

A ______ ____ is a moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity.

A

Debris Flow

61
Q

It occurs when pieces of rock break loose from a steep rock face or cliff.

A

Rock Flow

62
Q

___ _____ is a slow, gradual movement of soil or regolith downhill over time.

A

Soil Creep

63
Q

Rubble, trash, random material like large pieces of wood, metal, or plastic.

A

DEBRIS

64
Q

River of flowing mud.

A

SLURRY

65
Q

An incline, like slide or ramp.

A

SLOPE

66
Q

Land that is close to a coast or near water or sea levels.

A

LOW- LYING AREA

67
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
We use objects that are made from minerals every day.

A

TRUE

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
We are actually eating a mineral when we eat food that contains salt.

A

TRUE

69
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
We are drinking from a container made from a mineral when we drink from a glass.

A

TRUE

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Women even wear jewelry which is not made of minerals.

A

False; not

71
Q

Scientists have identified more than _____ minerals in Earth’s crust.

A

4,000

71
Q

Scientists have identified more than _____ minerals in Earth’s crust.

A

4,000

72
Q

Some minerals are found in small amounts, but most minerals are found in large amounts.

A

vice versa; large amount, small amounts

73
Q

Some minerals are found in ______ amounts, but most minerals are found in ____ amounts.

A

very large and
small

74
Q

is a crystalline solid formed through natural processes.

A

Mineral

75
Q

can be an element or a compound, but it has a specific chemical composition and physical properties that are different from those of other minerals.

A

Mineral

76
Q

A mineral can be an element or a compound, but it has a specific _________ _________ and __________ __________ that are different from those of other minerals.

A

chemical composition and physical properties

77
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Each one has a different chemical composition, as well as different physical properties such as crystalline structure, hardness, density, flammability, and color. For example, silver is shiny and salt is white.

A

TRUE

77
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Each one has a different chemical composition, as well as different physical properties such as crystalline structure, hardness, density, flammability, and color. For example, silver is shiny and salt is white.

A

TRUE

78
Q

Each one has a different chemical composition, as well as different physical properties such as crystalline _________, _______, ______, ___________ and _____. For example, silver is shiny and salt is white.

A

structure, hardness, density, flammability, and color.

79
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Minerals are obtained by natural processes.

A

TRUE

80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
One common natural process that forms minerals is the crystallization of magma.

A

TRUE

81
Q

_____ and _________ are formed in sedimentary layers of sand and mud and in the folding of those layers deep in the Earth, where they are exposed to high pressures and temperatures.

A

Rocks and minerals

82
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Rocks and minerals are formed in sedimentary layers of sand and mud and in the folding of those layers deep in the Earth, where they are exposed to low pressures and temperatures.

A

FALSE; high

83
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Economic importance of minerals:
It provides the base for industrial development.

A

TRUE

84
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Economic importance of minerals:
It provides raw materials for a large variety of manufacturing industries.

A

TRUE

85
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Economic importance of minerals:
Mining does not provides jobs to millions of people.

A

FALSE; does not

86
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Economic importance of minerals:
Transport of minerals to refining sites again provides more jobs.

A

TRUE

87
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Economic importance of minerals:
Minerals like iron, steel and lime stone are not essential for development of infrastructural facilities.

A

FALSE; not

88
Q

The USGS reported in Materials Flow and Sustainability (1998) that the number of renewable resources are decreasing; meanwhile there is an increasing demand for nonrenewable resources. Since 1900, the use of construction materials such as stone, sand, and gravel has soared.

What does USGS means?

A

United States Geological Survey

89
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The USGS reported in Materials Flow and Sustainability (1998) that the number of renewable resources are increasing; meanwhile there is an decreasing demand for nonrenewable resources. Since 1900, the use of construction materials such as stone, sand, and gravel has soared.

A

False (decreasing; increasing)

90
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The value increases because of the LARGE DEMAND, but the supply is decreasing. This has resulted in more efforts to drill and search other territories. The environment is being abused and this depletion of resources is one way of showing the effects.

A

TRUE

91
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Mining still pollutes the environment, only on a larger scale.

A

TRUE

92
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
Miners face many dangers while mining.

The dangers faced by the miners include collapsing of mine roofs, fires in mines and miners getting trapped after the mine gets flooded with water and so on.

A

TRUE

93
Q

MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
Working in the mines, the miners are not constantly exposed to dust and poisonous fumes. They become less vulnerable to a number of diseases of the lungs.

A

FALSE (not* less*)

94
Q

MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
Working in the mines, the miners are constantly exposed to dust and poisonous fumes. They become vulnerable to a number of diseases of the lungs.

A

TRUE

95
Q

MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
Mining also pollutes the land where slurry is dumped.

A

TRUE

96
Q

MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
The slurry flowing into neighboring streams pollutes the water resources. When the polluted water is used for irrigation, the soil gets polluted.

A

TRUE

97
Q

MINING HAZARDS ( TRUE OR FALSE)
Crops grown on polluted soils pass on the pollution to humans and animals who feed on these crops.

A

TRUE

98
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The total volume of the workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e., one per cent of the earth’s crust.

We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated.

A

TRUE

99
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The geological processes of mineral deposits are so fast that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.

A

FALSE (so fast* - so slow)

100
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Mineral resources need to be conserved for use by future generations as they cannot be renewed.

So we have to use them in a sustainable manner so that these minerals last for a long period.

A

TRUE

101
Q

CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner.

A

TRUE

102
Q

CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes.

A

TRUE

103
Q

CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.

A

TRUE

104
Q

CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
THE 3R’S

A

RECYCLE, REUSE, AND REUSE

105
Q

CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
Wastage needs to be maximized specially in the areas of mining and manufacturing.

A

FALSE; minimize

106
Q

CONSSERVATION OF MINERALS (TRUE OR FALSE)
Burden on minerals can be reduced by substituting them with renewable resources.

A

TRUE

107
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Minerals does not play a vital role in our everyday life.

A

FALSE- does not*

108
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Their occurrence (minerals) in a particular region is a great help in industrial development of the region.

A

TRUE

11- STEM (12 decks)

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