early life Flashcards
how did the black death shape human immune response (example exam q)
strong rapid selection of genes that govern immune defence
so allele/variants associated with infectious disease and protective traits become more common
price of this is inc autoimmune disease
what is leptin resistance (example exam q)
condition where body does not respond properly to leptin
leptin is hormone produced by adipose tissue an regulates metabolism and food intake
leptin resistance is associated with obesity and can lead to inflammation and immune dysfunction
how has climate change affected bat distribution near wuhan (example exam q)
inc in local bat species richness
womb to tomb - 3 hits that contribute to adult disease, chronic disease, or multifactoral disease
1 - inherited genetic/ epigenetic factors
2 - detrimental factors on gamete, fetus, infants before 3 yrs olf
3 - environmental factors on later life
intrauterine meaning
located in uterus
intrauterine exposures - 5
fetal hypoxia
altered nutrient supply
inflammation
microbial exposures
air pollution
intrauterine signals used for research - 5
fatty acids
metabolites
endotoxins
bile acid
cytokines
dutch hunger winter effects in fetal growth when mother exposed in early gestation - 7
restricted growth
glucose intolerance
coronary heart disease
atherogenic lipid profile
disturbed blood coagulation
inc stress response
inc obesity
dutch hunger winter effects in fetal growth when mother exposed in mid-late gestation - 3
dec birth weight
restricted growth
glucose intolerance
womb to tomb - cardiovascular disease
one of first organ systems to develop, alongside heart and placenta
defects in placental development thus inc cvd when fetus becomes adult (if exposed in early semester)
asthma risk factors before baby born
genetics, allergy exposure, viruses, air pollution, tobacco smoke, obesity
what are low birth weight and preterm birth risk factors for
early life mortality and lifetime morbidity
global mortality of children under 5, what % attributed to low birth weight
34%
global mortality of children under 5, what % attributed to preterm birth
29%
3 - ways of entry of stuff that can affect fetal development aka exposure routes
ingestion
inhalation
dermal/ skin contact
are air pollutants found in the placenta and fetal tissues
ya crazy, like black carbon particles
what do microplastics in human placenta affect - cell level
organelle ultrastructure
fetal microvessels
what microplastics are found in placenta - 3
polyvinyl chloride
polypropylene
polybutylene succinate
what % of existing burden of disease due to climate change occurs in children below 5 years of age
90% damn
macroplastics degrade into what 3 size groupings of plastics - exam q
mesoplastic, nanoplastic, microplastic
3 child health outcomes linked to maternal air pollution exposure - exam q
respiratory
metabolic
immune
cardiovascular
neurodevelopmental
what is the composition of white adipose tissue WAT - exam q
adipocytes, fibroblasts, leukocytes, endothelial cells
1/3 is adipocytes
