climate change Flashcards
what is a syndemic
clustering of two or more health conditions, leading to inc health burden
examples of things that facilitate the clustering of some health conditions
poverty, violence, limited access to care
what are the current 3 aspects of the global syndemic
obesity
undernutrition
climate change
impacts of climate change on human health
inc respiratory disease via air pollution, pollen
food shortages
mental illness
vector borne disease
water borne illness
extreme weather events
temp related morbidity and mortality
what are vector borne diseases
rats, fleas, mosquitos, ticks
carry pathogen from one host to next, bringing disease with them
heat and moisture provide ideal breeding conditions and improve survival
faster replication time of some pathogens
global warming = wider distribution
3 reasons why zika virus flourishes in hot weather
1 - heat makes mosquitos hungrier
2 - warm air incubates virus faster
3 - territory expands to new areas
8 out of 10 zika virus infections are
asymptomatic
zika virus was first identified in
rhesus monkey in zika forest, uganda
how does zika virus transmission occur - 2
aedea mosquito bite
sexual transmission
other minor routes
maternal clinical symptoms of zika virus - 4
muscle pain
fever and headache
maculopapular rash
joint pain
muscle pain
possible clinical consequences of zika virus - 4
microcephaly
cns abnormality
fetal growth restriction
maternal guillain-barre
mechanisms of fetal infection of zika virus - 4
transplacental passage (esp common in 1st trimester)
other mechanisms of infection
placental trophoblasts and macrophages permissive to infection
infection impairs placental function
mechanisms of microecephaly and cns abnormalities - 2
viral entry likely to involve surface glycoprotein E interacting with neural cell surface receptors, esp AXL
attentuates growth and causes apoptosis of neuroprogenitor cells in vitro
malaria trend
global net inc in climate suitability and this population at risk, esp 2050 onwards
effects of extreme event - bushfire - 6
direct asphyxiation of fish, gills clogged with ash
bacteria grow in water, deoxygenation of water kills fish
changes in pH of water
disrupts breeding habitats
prevents or promotes phytoplankton growth
drinking supply water tainted
air pollution causes how many premature deaths annually
7 milli
what comprises air pollution - 3
gases
chemicals
PM
what are the biological effects of air pollution - 6
pulmonary inflammation
systemic inflammation
dysbiosis causing leaky gut
epigenetic modifications
reduction of Tregs
altered response to vaccines
cell response to plastic pollutants is dependent on what properties of the plastic
size
charge
dose
exposure time
composition
presence of co-contaminants
surface area
what are water-borne illnesses
heated or contaminated water
causing growth of bacteria, viruses, protozoa
algal blooms release toxins
hazards with drinking, swimming, washing
symptoms of cyanotoxins in pets
vomiting
fatigue
shortness of breath
difficulty breathing
coughing
convulsions
liver failure
respiratory paralysis leading to death
cyanotoxins in the brain - source and symptoms
ingestion
headache, incoherent speech, drowsiness, loss of coordination
cyanotoxins in the respiratory system - source and symptoms
inhalation
dry cough, pneumonia, sore throat, shortness of breath, loss of coordination
cyanotoxins in the body - source and symptoms
contact e.g. swimming
irritation in eyes, nose, throat, blistering around moith, skin rash, tingling, burning, numbness, fever, muscle aches, weakness
cyanotoxins in the organs - source and symptoms
ingestion
kidney damage, abdnormal kidney function, liver inflammation
cyanotoxins in the nervous system - source and symptoms
ingestion
tingling, burning, numbness
