pandemics and outbreaks Flashcards
/10, how many causes of death are ncds
7
what % of all deaths are NCDs
38
what is the worlds biggest killer and what %
ischaemic heart disease
13%
what is bubonic plague caused by
yersinia pestis
how is yersinia pestis spread
rodents
in 14th century the black death killed how many in europe - %
50
what was the second great pandemic of plague and where did it effect
bubonic plague
europe, middle east, northern africa
what was the first plague and when
plague of justinian
ad 541
infectious disease and human evolution
selective pressures on human evolution esp immune response
in few generations, genetic variants in genes that govern immune defence against pathogens became more common
4 most common - efficient immune response to Y. pestis
but, inc risk of autoimmune disease - lack or inc perceptability
what 4 genomes became more common in genomes of people after black death vs before and during
CTLA4
ERAP1/ERAP2
TICAM2/TMED7
NFATC1
(selected for, were advantaggeous against y. pestis)
what is ERAP1/ERAP2
endoplasmic aminopeptidase
role in maturation of various proteins in endoplasmic reticulum
ERAP2 in present population
men aged 18-55:
ERAP2 T allele SNP rs2549794 deleterious for black death
good for immune response , producing cytokines
but, can lead to bad - organ damage
ERAP2 T allele SNP rs2549794 and respiratory infection
inc risk
ERAP2 T allele SNP rs2549794 and chrons disease
opposing effect
COVID-19 and sex
cases - equal
death - more men than women
COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes
inc risk of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes only after covid-19
correlation between covid-19 diagnosis and acute upper respiratory tract infections
bc-
impaired glucose metabolism included reduced insulin secretory granules in beta cells of pancreas - feature of SARS-CoV-2 infection secondary to pro inflammatory cytokines (predestined alterations in insulin secretion bc covid-19, inc susceptibility for diabetes 2)
climate change and bats
inc in local number of bat species/population
easier to spread diseases due to inc clustered populations
thus covid slay
difference between HIV and AIDS ** defo will be asked this in exam
hiv is human immunodeficiency virus - is the retrovirus that causes the disease
aids is the disease
HIV vaccine status
no fda approved vaccine yet
have been trials - many stopped even though effective in animals and human cell lines, less effective in humans tho :(
how does HIV work
specific receptor surface of T cell, infects T cell, virus uses cellular machinery to release from cell and spread to nearby cells
mainly targets cd4T cells
counting t cells/ cd4 cells in flow cytometry is a way of testing ppl
hiv count estimate today
38 million
hiv count today - children
2 million
prevalence of hiv in adults
0.7%
ART
anti retroviral therapy
interferes with life course of virus, minimises impact on T cells and symptoms
thus prolonged and healthier life of people living with HIV - but leads to inc burden of ncds
where does ART work
anywhere in viral life cycle e.g. stop binding, stop fusion, stop use of transcription machinery aka replication, maturation of virus
HIV population and CVD
twice as likely to get CVD
exacerbated by inc lifespan
one of leading causes of non aids related mortality in HIV population
HIV female population and cervical cancer
6 times more likely
why inc risk of CVD in HIV
inflammaging
smoking, alcohol consumption
ART can affect lipids, insulin resistance, body comp like adipose tissues, older ARTs metabolically harmful
chronic suppression of HIV, chronic inflammation, immune activation and dysregulation
