space and other extreme environments Flashcards
literally wtf does any of this mean
what would occur to our body if we did not have earths gravity - 5
lose bone density
lose muscle mass
fluids shift towards head and affects vision
blood pressure maintenance is challenging
lighheadedness on standing
what factors are important that contribute to our biology
Gravity
Space Radiation
Distance from Earth
Isolation/confinement
Hostile/closed environments
effects of altered gravity fields
balance disorders
fluid shifts
cardiovascular deconditioning
muscle atrophy/ bone loss
effects of space radiation
acute in flight effects
cancer
cardiovascular disease
cns risk
effects of isolation and confinement
behavioural impacts
sleep disorders
team dynamics
effects of hostile/ closed environments
vehicle design
environmental - CO2 levels, toxic exposures, water, food, dec immune function
effects of distance from earth
requires autonomous medical care
communication delays
gravity and muscle volume
pre and post flight, decline in muscle volume after returning to earth but recovers quickly
cardiovascular and fluid volume - dec gravity vs no gravity
heavily influenced by gravity
dec effect of gravity = inc venous return by 25% leading to central blood volume expansion and inc renal excretion of water and salt
no gravity = fluid and sodium retained esp sodium storage in extravascular space without fluid retention
sodium retaining endocrine systems e.g. renin-aldosterone and catecholamines are more active in microgravity than on earth
(thus, space suits pressure maintain these systems)
microgravity impact on human biology - insights from astronauts
muscle atrophy
red bone density
altered immune function
endocrine disorders
effects of simulated micogravity providing new insights into biology and disease
mechanotransduction effects of microgravity
space radiation and human body
we are no longer protected by earth’s magnetic field, so exposed to varied and inc levels of radiation
human body and isolation in space
quality sleep dec
maintaining circadian rythym dec
sleep noise
fatigue
what can space radiation cause - 3
dna damage leading to mutation, large scale genomic changes, aberrant signal transduction
ROS and non specific oxidative damage - DNA, lipids, mitochondria
epigenetic changes - methylation, microenvironment, altered replication
- all enables genome instability, mutation, tumor promoting inflammation, inc chance of developing ncds
what is HERA
human exploration research analog
way of researching human isolation
what is NEK
nazemnyy eksperimental’nyy kompleks
way of researching human isolation
hypodynamia meaning
little/red activity
simulated effects of a long mission - 3
chronic stress from long term isolation and confinement
elevated cortisol
leukocyte phenotype and function changes
what can ISS -space station mfs- replicate well - 7
radiation
microgravity
artifical environment
stress
altered nutrition
hypodynamia
isolation
what do isolation replication facilities - terrestrial spacecrafts - successfully replicate - 5
isolation
artificial environment
psychological stress
altered nutrition
hypodynamia
what do isolation replication facilities - antarctic station / concordia - successfully replicate - 7
hypoxia
low temp
isolation
artificial environment
psychological stress
altered nutrition
hypodynamia
effects of human body in space - hostile / closed environments - 3
microbes change characteristics
stress hormones elevated
immune system altered
what is EBV
Epstein Barr Virus
what is CMV
Cytomegalovirus
what is VZV
Varicella Zoster Virus
latent virus reactivation in space
EBV reappears in saliva in winter isolation in antarctica
stress inc latent virus activation
long covid and EBV reactivation
also occurs at high altitude
immune dysregulation and space flight
adaptive immunity dysregulated
innate heightened - inflammation
altered interaction between innate and adaptive immunity
occurs in low earth orbit missions, not sure about moon, mars, etc
not sure which crew members will experience dysregulation or extent
mitochondrial stress and space flight
unknown effect mechanism on human physiology
what is nasa twins study
one twin 1 year mission on ISS, other ground control
spaceflight caused dec body mass, telomere elongation, genome instability, carotid artery distension, inc intima-media thickness, altered ocular structure, transcription and metabolic changes, dna methylation changes in immune and oxidative stress pathways, GI microbiota changes, cog decline postflight
countermeasure of circafian rhythm alteration, sleep deprivation, anxiety
melatonin. psych training, drugs to mitigate fatigue
countermeasure of immunological alterations, viral infections, imflammaging
pre flight vaccinations, vitamins, omega 3/6. supplements, anti inflammatory drugs, biomarker monitoring
countermeasure of brain gut axis and gut microbiome modifications
probiotic and prebiotic and postbiotic, next gen probiotic, nutraceutical approaches
countermeasure of muscle atrophy, muscle strength wrakness, dec in bone mineral density
personalised physical exercises, high intensity interval training daily, vitamins, protein intake, ad hoc food intake, integrators
