intro/ past 10,000 years Flashcards
swansea least deprived men/women compared to most deprived
men = live in good health for 21 more years than in most deprived
women = l16 extra years
generational health drift
people now in their 50s and above are more likely to have serious health problems than those born before or during ww2 at equiv age despite advances in med/public awareness - esp in terms of cancer, heart problems, diabetes
“healthy life expectancy vs life expectancy”
this is due to modern lifestyle decreasing healthy life expectancy
non communicable diseases kill how many per year
41 million
non communicable diseases account for what % of deaths globally
71%
85% of premature deaths caused by non communicable diseases are in
low and middle income countries like africa, south america, parts of asia
what are the 4 main modifiable risk factors to non communicable diseases
(+ 2 new ones)
smoking
diet
alcohol
lack of excercise
air pollution
mental/ neuro conditions
tobacco causes how many deaths per year
7.2 million
(same as current air pollution)
excess salt/ sodium in diets cause how many deaths per year
4.1 million
over __ deaths attributable to alcohol use are from non communicable disease, including cancer
50%
insufficient physical activity causes how many deaths per year
1.6 million
(as well as inc fast food market)
what are the 5 main non communicable diseases
cardiovascular disease
chronic respiratory disease
cancer
diabetes
mental/ neuro conditions
(also musculoskeletal is considered a burden e.g. back pain, arthritis)
what are the characteristics of non communicable diseases
chronic, not infectious, long duration
result from genetic, physiological, environmental, behavioural factors, etc
worsened due to rapid unplanned urbanisation, globalisation of unhealthy lifestyles and population ageing
15 million premature deaths between __
30-69 years
5 examples of communicable diseases
rheumatic fever
hepatitis A
tuberculosis
mumps
measles
4 examples of non communicable diseases
crohn’s disease
multiple sclerosis
type 1 diabetes
asthma
what are the main 7 ways we have shaped our environment
cooking
agriculture
accommodation
sanitation
refrigeration
vaccination
biomass
how has cooking shaped our environment
improved life expectancy (killing bacteria and making food digestible)
but, cause environmental pm that can impact respiratory system
digestibility
the degree to which macronutrients are digested and absorbed by the GI tract
sedentism
transition from nomadic lifestyle to living in groups for long periods of time
5 lifestyle factprs contributing to non communicable diseases epidemic
tobacco use
physical inactivity
excess alcohol
unhealthy diet
air pollution
what are the three components of the global syndemic
obesity
malnutrition
climate change
current life expectancy
80
expected life expectancy 2050
90
difference between lifespan vs life expectancy
span = max number of years an individual can live
expectancy = expected duh
main causes of dec life expectancy in 30,000 BC/ neanderthals
injuries
conflict
malnutrition
diseases from animals
main causes of dec life expectancy in 8500-3500 BC/ neolithic time
urbanisation
lack of sanitation
faeces/ insects
main causes of dec life expectancy in greece/roman times/ 500BC-500AD
urbanisation
malnutrition
violence
main causes of inc life expectancy in early medieval times/ 500-1500AD
solving problems of urbanisation
main causes of dec life expectancy in late medieval times
famine
disease
main causes of dec life expectancy in victorian times/ 1850 -1900
crowded
disease
malnutrition
main causes of inc life expectancy in 1900s
health care
sanitation
refrigeration
main causes of dec / inc life expectancy today
inc vaccination
dec NCDs
life expectancy in neanderthals
30
life expectancy in neolithics
38
life expectancy in greece/rome
35
life expectancy in early medieval
48
life expectancy late in late medieval
38
life expectancy in victorian times
40
life expectancy in 1950s
70s
life expectancy today
80
What has happened to life expectancy in the UK over the past 10 - 20 years?
Gain in life expectancy has decreased
