age, sex, race 2

Question 1

race definition

Answer 1

category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits

more genetic variation within racial groups than between them

Question 2

ethnicity definition

Answer 2

large group of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, cultural origin or background

Question 3

racial disparities in covid 19 (hospitalisation and mortality)

Answer 3

inc hospitalisation for black and hispanic population
inc mortality for black population only

Question 4

south asians and comorbidities

Answer 4

highest rates of comorbidities like diabetes, hypertension, cvd associated with severe disease and mortality

diff in virus spread due to health seeking behaviours, intergeneration cohabitation

Question 5

vitamin d and health

Answer 5

link between vit d and innate immunity and prod of anti microbial peptide cathelicidin

Question 6

melanin and uv

Answer 6

melanin protects from overexposure and damage by UV rays

Question 7

melanin and vit d

Answer 7

skin melanin content and vit d3 synthesis capactiy inversely related

inc melanin = less able to support cathelicidin induction

inc likelihood of atopic dermatitis

Question 8

modern humans originated where

Answer 8

africa

Question 9

men

Answer 9

xx

Question 10

women

Answer 10

xy

Question 11

males more susceptible to

Answer 11

infectious disease

Question 12

females more suscepible to

Answer 12

autoimmune disease

Question 13

hiv, influenza, toxoplasmosis, legionella, malaria, zika more common in males or females

Answer 13

females

Question 14

ebola, MERS, hep B, tuberculosis, leptosirosis, more common in males or females

Answer 14

males

Question 15

inc NK count innate immunity - males or females

Answer 15

males

Question 16

inc neutrophils innate immunity - males or females

Answer 16

males

Question 17

inc DC antigen presentation innate immunity - males or females

Answer 17

females

Question 18

inc DC prod of IFNgamma innate immunity - males or females

Answer 18

females

Question 19

inc macrophage phagocytic activity innate immunity - males or females

Answer 19

females

Question 20

inc neutrophil phagocytic activity innate immunity - males or females

Answer 20

females

Question 21

inc MDSCs suppressive function innate immunity - males or females

Answer 21

females

Question 22

inc freq of ILCs innate immunity - males or females

Answer 22

females

Question 23

inc CD8+ T cell count adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 23

males

Question 24

inc IL-17 prod by CD4+ T cells adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 24

males

Question 25

inc Treg cell count adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 25

males

Question 26

dec B cell count adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 26

males

Question 27

dec basal immunoglobin level adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 27

males

Question 28

dec antibody response adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 28

males

Question 29

inc CD4+ T cell count adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 29

females

Question 30

inc activated proliferating CD4+ T cells adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 30

females

Question 31

inc IFNgamma prod by CD4+ T cells adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 31

females

Question 32

inc activated and proliferating CD8+ T cells adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 32

females

Question 33

inc CD8+ T cell cytotoxic activity adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 33

females

Question 34

inc CD4+/CD8+ Tcell ratio adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 34

females

Question 35

inc Th2 cell functions adaptive immunity - males or females

Answer 35

females

Question 36

male sex hormones tend to be

Answer 36

immunosuppressive

Question 37

female sex hormones tend to be

Answer 37

immunostimulatory

Question 38

what is x chromosome inactivation

Answer 38

in females during embryonic development, one x chromosome inactivated cellular mosaiacism - some cells express maternal X and some paternal X chromosome as we age, XCI dec so inc cells express both paternal and maternal, esp of immune stuff genes

Question 39

XCI and TLR7

Answer 39

pattern recognition receptor antiviral immune response if TLR7 escapes XCI, 2x cytokines in females

Question 40

sex and allergic contact dermatitis

Answer 40

nickel allergies - found more in buttons, jewellery, zippers women more likely as occupational exposure patterns - hairdressers, cleaners, nurses

Question 41

sex differences in pain

Answer 41

women = more likely to suffer chronic pain men mobilise threat control circuits women recruit emotion processing areas of brain

Question 42

gender affirming treatment and muscle mass

Answer 42

more significant muscle mass changes in trans men (FTM) vs trans women (MTF) trans men inc muscle mass trans women dec muscle mass