Early Childhood A cultural approach to human development week 4 chapter 6 Flashcards
From age 3 to 5, the typical child grows about _ cm per year and gains about _ kg
7, 2
Both boys and
girls gain more in weight than in height during early childhood, but most add more muscle than fat. t or f
true
By their third birthday, most children have a full set of __ teeth
20
process experienced by children who are malnourished and consequently are short for their age
stunting
At age 3, the brain is about
__% of its adult weight, and at age 6, about __%
70, 90
which part of the cerebral cortex grows the fastest in early childhood?
The frontal lobes
Growth in the frontal lobes underlies the advances in emotional regulation, foresight and planned behaviour that take place during the preschool years
emotional regulation, foresight, planned behaviour
During early childhood, the number of ___ continues the decline that began in toddlerhood via
synaptic pruning
neurons
The increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to an increase in ____ connections between neurons and to myelination
dendritic
band of neural fibres connecting the two hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
structure at the base of the brain involved in balance and motor movements
cerebellum
part of the lower brain, involved in attention
reticular formation
In which structures is myelination completed by age 5?
reticular formation and hippocampus
structure involved in transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory
hippocampus
inability to remember anything that happened prior to age 2
infantile amnesia
Iron deficiency, known as
___, is experienced by the majority of children under age 5 in developing countries
anemia
rates of unintentional injury among 1- to 14-year-olds in South Africa are _times higher than in developed countries
5
Despite the high rates of accidental injury among young children in developing countries, disease is a far
greater danger, causing about __% of child deaths
95
Piaget’s preoperational stage;
‘theory of mind’, which examines how children think about the thoughts of others
Piaget termed the age period from 2 to 7 the ______, emphasising that children of this age
were not yet able to perform mental
preoperational stage
preoperational stage
cognitive stage from age 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world
symbolically—for example, through the use of language—but is still very limited in ability to use
mental operations
preoperational stage
mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if
its appearance changes
conservation
Piaget’s term for young children’s thinking as being centred, or focused, on one noticeable aspect
of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects
centration
ability to reverse an action mentally
reversibility
cognitive inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and another person’s perspective
egocentrism
tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces
animism
ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group; for example, an
object can be classified with red objects as well as with round objects
classification
ability to understand thinking processes in one’s self and others
theory of mind
; by age 6, the average vocabulary has
increased to over ___ words
2,500
in the course of development, a period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is
especially pronounced
sensitive period
By age 4, it is estimated
that children use correct grammar in __% of their statements
90
a language’s distinctive system of rules
grammar
social and cultural context of language that guides people as to what is appropriate to say and not
to say in a given social situation
pragmatics
emotional _____is considered to be one of the major developmental tasks of early childhood
self-regulation
ability to exercise control over one’s emotions
emotional self-regulation
trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation
undercontrol
As Erikson noted in proposing that early childhood is the stage of ____vs____
initiative versus guilt
What are the 2 types of high responsiveness parenting
Authoritative parenting and permissive parenting.
what are the two types of high demandingness parenting.
authoritative and authoritarian parenting.
what are the two types of parenting low in responsiveness
authoritarian and reject neglect
What are the two types of parenting low in demandingness?
permissive and reject neglect
