Adolescence week 6 chapter 8

Question 1

changes in physiology, anatomy
and physical functioning that
develop a person into a mature
adult biologically and prepare
the body for sexual reproduction

Answer 1

puberty

Question 2

sex hormones that have especially
high levels in females from
puberty onwards; they are mostly
responsible for female primary
and secondary sex characteristics

Answer 2

oestrogens

Question 3

sex hormones that have especially
high levels in males from puberty
onwards; they are mostly
responsible for male primary and
secondary sex characteristics

Answer 3

androgens

Question 4

the oestrogen most important in
pubertal development among girls

Answer 4

oestradiol

Question 5

the androgen most important in
pubertal development among boys

Answer 5

testosterone

Question 6

production of eggs (ova) and
sperm and the development of
the sex organs

Answer 6

primary sex characteristics

Question 7

bodily changes of puberty not
directly related to reproduction

Answer 7

secondary sex characteristics

Question 8

first menstrual period

Answer 8

menarche

Question 9

beginning of development of
sperm in boys’ testicles at puberty

Answer 9

spermarche

Question 10

During middle childhood, the proportion of fat in the body gradually increases, and once a
threshold level is reached, a series of chemical events is triggered beginning in the _____

Answer 10

hypothalamus

Question 11

There are two classes of sex hormones, the _____ and
the ____.

Answer 11

oestrogens, androgens

Question 12

With respect to pubertal development, the most important oestrogen is ____and the most important androgen is testosterone

Answer 12

oestradiol, testosterone

Question 13

By the mid-teens, oestradiol production is about _ times as high in females as it was before
puberty, but only about twice as high in males

Answer 13

8

Question 14

In contrast, testosterone
production in males is about __ times as high by the mid-teens as it was before puberty, but in
females it is only about 4 times as high

Answer 14

20

Question 15

what Two kinds of changes take place in the body in response to increased sex hormones during
puberty.

Answer 15

Primary sex characteristics & Secondary sex characteristics

Question 16

The development of ova and sperm takes place quite differently. Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have, and they have about _____ eggs in their ovaries at
the time they reach puberty

Answer 16

300000

Question 17

Females release about ___ ova in the course of their reproductive lives

Answer 17

400

Question 18

There are between ___ and ___ million sperm inthe typical male ejaculation

Answer 18

100 and 300

Question 19

In addition to the hormonal changes and development of primary and secondary sex characteristics,
there are important _____ changes taking place during adolescence

Answer 19

neurological

Question 20

Now scientists have learned
that a sharp increase in synaptic connections occurs around the time puberty begins (10–12
years), a process called ____

Answer 20

overproduction or exuberance

Question 21

Overproduction of synaptic connections occurs in
many parts of the brain during adolescence but is especially concentrated in the ____

Answer 21

frontal lobes

Question 22

between the ages of 12 and 20, the average brain loses___ of its volume
through synaptic pruning

Answer 22

7–10%

Question 23

Research using fMRI methods shows that ___ is especially rapid in adolescents with high intelligence

Answer 23

synaptic pruning

Question 24

last structure of the brain to stop
growing, not completing its phase of overproduction and pruning until the mid-20s

Answer 24

cerebellum

Question 25

change in the characteristics of a population over time

Answer 25

secular trend

Question 26

formal custom developed in many cultures to mark the departure from childhood and the entrance into adolescence

Answer 26

puberty ritual

Question 27

eating disorder characterised by intentional self-starvation

Answer 27

anorexia nervosa

Question 28

eating disorder characterised by episodes of binge eating followed by purging (self induced vomiting)

Answer 28

bulimia

Question 29

in Piaget’s theory, cognitive stage beginning at age 11 in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses

Answer 29

formal operations

Question 30

Piaget’s term for the process of applying scientific thinking to cognitive tasks

Answer 30

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Question 31

ability to focus on more than one task at a time

Answer 31

divided attention

Question 32

capacity to think about thinking

Answer 32

metacognition

Question 33

type of egocentrism in which adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others

Answer 33

adolescent egocentrism

Question 34

belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one’s appearance and behaviour

Answer 34

imaginary audience

Question 35

belief in one’s personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks

Answer 35

personal fable

Question 36

school attended during adolescence, after primary school

Answer 36

secondary school

Question 37

learning by memorisation and repetition

Answer 37

rote learning

Question 38

the practice of coercing or forcing people to engage in sex work

Answer 38

commercial sexual exploitation

Question 39

person’s perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self

Answer 39

actual self

Question 40

person’s conceptions of the self as it potentially may be; may include both an ideal self and a feared self

Answer 40

possible self

Question 41

person one would like to be

Answer 41

ideal self

Question 42

person one imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming

Answer 42

feared self

Question 43

self a person may present to others while realising that it does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling

Answer 43

false self

Question 44

eight subscales on specific domains of self-concept

Answer 44

scholastic competence social acceptance athletic competence physical appearance job competence romantic appeal behavioural conduct close friendship

Question 45

research has found that ____ is most strongly related to global self-esteem, followed by social acceptance from peers

Answer 45

physical appearance

Question 46

hypothesis that psychological and behavioural differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialisation pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles

Answer 46

gender-intensification hypothesis

Question 47

Kohlberg viewed _____ as based on cognitive development and believed that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop, regardless of culture

Answer 47

moral development

Question 48

What are kohlbergs 3 stages of moral develpment?

Answer 48

level 1. Preconventional reasoning, level 2. Conventional reasoning, level 3. Postconventional reasoning

Question 49

first level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments

Answer 49

preconventional reasoning

Question 50

second level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others

Answer 50

conventional reasoning

Question 51

third level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right

Answer 51

postconventional reasoning

Question 52

the cultural-developmental approach code people’s responses to moral issues according to three types of ‘ethics’ rooted in different worldviews:

Answer 52

The Ethic of Autonomy, The Ethic of Community, The Ethic of Divinity

Question 53

defines the individual as the primary moral authority. Individuals are viewed as having a right to do as they wish so long as their behaviour does not harm others.

Answer 53

The Ethic of Autonomy

Question 54

defines individuals as members of social groups to which they have commitments and obligations. In this ethic, the responsibilities of roles in the family, community and other groups are the basis of one’s moral judgments.

Answer 54

the Ethic of Community

Question 55

defines the individual as a spiritual entity, subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority. This ethic includes moral views based on traditional religious authorities and religious texts

Answer 55

The Ethic of Divinity

Question 56

based on non-religious beliefs and values

Answer 56

secular

Question 57

quality of being independent and self-sufficient, capable of thinking for one’s self

Answer 57

autonomy

Question 58

The crowd recognised as having the highest social status in the school

Answer 58

Elites

Question 59

Sport-oriented students, usually members of at least one sports team.

Answer 59

Athletes

Question 60

Known for striving for good grades and for being socially inept.

Answer 60

Academics

Question 61

Alienated from the school social environment, suspected by other students of using illicit drugs and engaging in other risky activities.

Answer 61

Deviants

Question 62

Students who do not stand out in any particular way, neither positively nor negatively; mostly ignored by other students

Answer 62

Others

Question 63

delinquent who shows a pattern of problems from birth onwards and whose problems continue into adulthood

Answer 63

life-course-persistent delinquent (LCPD)

Question 64

delinquent who shows no evidence of problems prior to adolescence and whose delinquent behaviour in adolescence is temporary

Answer 64

adolescence-limited delinquent (ALD)

Question 65

enduring period of sadness, without any other related symptoms of depression

Answer 65

depressed mood

Question 66

clinical diagnosis that includes a range of specific symptoms such as depressed mood, appetite disturbances, sleeping disturbances and fatigue

Answer 66

major depressive disorder

Question 67

to think persistently about bad feelings and experiences

Answer 67

ruminate

Question 68

overcoming adverse environmental circumstances and achieving healthy development despite those circumstances

Answer 68

resilience

Question 69

characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of problems despite experiencing high-risk circumstances

Answer 69

protective factors