Adolescence week 6 chapter 8 Flashcards
changes in physiology, anatomy
and physical functioning that
develop a person into a mature
adult biologically and prepare
the body for sexual reproduction
puberty
sex hormones that have especially
high levels in females from
puberty onwards; they are mostly
responsible for female primary
and secondary sex characteristics
oestrogens
sex hormones that have especially
high levels in males from puberty
onwards; they are mostly
responsible for male primary and
secondary sex characteristics
androgens
the oestrogen most important in
pubertal development among girls
oestradiol
the androgen most important in
pubertal development among boys
testosterone
production of eggs (ova) and
sperm and the development of
the sex organs
primary sex characteristics
bodily changes of puberty not
directly related to reproduction
secondary sex characteristics
first menstrual period
menarche
beginning of development of
sperm in boys’ testicles at puberty
spermarche
During middle childhood, the proportion of fat in the body gradually increases, and once a
threshold level is reached, a series of chemical events is triggered beginning in the _____
hypothalamus
There are two classes of sex hormones, the _____ and
the ____.
oestrogens, androgens
With respect to pubertal development, the most important oestrogen is ____and the most important androgen is testosterone
oestradiol, testosterone
By the mid-teens, oestradiol production is about _ times as high in females as it was before
puberty, but only about twice as high in males
8
In contrast, testosterone
production in males is about __ times as high by the mid-teens as it was before puberty, but in
females it is only about 4 times as high
20
what Two kinds of changes take place in the body in response to increased sex hormones during
puberty.
Primary sex characteristics & Secondary sex characteristics
The development of ova and sperm takes place quite differently. Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have, and they have about _____ eggs in their ovaries at
the time they reach puberty
300000
Females release about ___ ova in the course of their reproductive lives
400
There are between ___ and ___ million sperm inthe typical male ejaculation
100 and 300
In addition to the hormonal changes and development of primary and secondary sex characteristics,
there are important _____ changes taking place during adolescence
neurological
Now scientists have learned
that a sharp increase in synaptic connections occurs around the time puberty begins (10–12
years), a process called ____
overproduction or exuberance
Overproduction of synaptic connections occurs in
many parts of the brain during adolescence but is especially concentrated in the ____
frontal lobes
between the ages of 12 and 20, the average brain loses___ of its volume
through synaptic pruning
7–10%
Research using fMRI methods shows that ___ is especially rapid in adolescents with high intelligence
synaptic pruning
last structure of the brain to stop
growing, not completing its phase of overproduction and pruning until the mid-20s
cerebellum
change in the characteristics of
a population over time
secular trend
formal custom developed in many cultures to mark the departure from childhood and the entrance into adolescence
puberty ritual
eating disorder characterised by
intentional self-starvation
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterised by
episodes of binge eating
followed by purging (self
induced vomiting)
bulimia
in Piaget’s theory, cognitive stage
beginning at age 11 in which
people learn to think
systematically about possibilities
and hypotheses
formal operations
Piaget’s term for the process of
applying scientific thinking to
cognitive tasks
hypothetical-deductive
reasoning
ability to focus on more than
one task at a time
divided attention
capacity to think about thinking
metacognition
type of egocentrism in which
adolescents have difficulty
distinguishing their thinking
about their own thoughts from
their thinking about the thoughts
of others
adolescent egocentrism
belief that others are acutely
aware of and attentive to one’s
appearance and behaviour
imaginary audience
belief in one’s personal
uniqueness, often including a
sense of invulnerability to the
consequences of taking risks
personal fable
school attended during
adolescence, after primary school
secondary school
learning by memorisation and
repetition
rote learning
the practice of coercing or
forcing people to engage in sex
work
commercial sexual
exploitation
person’s perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self
actual self
person’s conceptions of the self as it potentially may be; may include both an ideal self and a
feared self
possible self
person one would like to be
ideal self
person one imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming
feared self
self a person may present to others while realising that it does not represent what they are actually
thinking and feeling
false self
eight subscales on specific domains of self-concept
scholastic competence
social acceptance
athletic competence
physical appearance
job competence
romantic appeal
behavioural conduct
close friendship
research has found that ____ is most strongly related to global self-esteem,
followed by social acceptance from peers
physical appearance
hypothesis that psychological and behavioural differences between males and females become
more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialisation pressures to conform to
culturally prescribed gender roles
gender-intensification hypothesis
Kohlberg viewed _____ as based on cognitive development
and believed that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop, regardless of
culture
moral development
What are kohlbergs 3 stages of moral develpment?
level 1. Preconventional reasoning,
level 2. Conventional reasoning,
level 3. Postconventional reasoning
first level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is
based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments
preconventional reasoning
second level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is
based on the expectations of others
conventional reasoning
third level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is
based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view
as wrong or right
postconventional reasoning
the cultural-developmental approach code people’s responses to moral issues
according to three types of ‘ethics’ rooted in different worldviews:
The Ethic of Autonomy,
The Ethic of Community,
The Ethic of Divinity
defines the individual as the primary moral authority. Individuals are
viewed as having a right to do as they wish so long as their behaviour does not harm others.
The
Ethic of Autonomy
defines individuals as members of social groups to which they have
commitments and obligations. In this ethic, the responsibilities of roles in the family, community
and other groups are the basis of one’s moral judgments.
the
Ethic of Community
defines the individual as a spiritual entity, subject to the prescriptions of a
divine authority. This ethic includes moral views based on traditional religious authorities and
religious texts
The
Ethic of Divinity
based on non-religious beliefs and values
secular
quality of being independent and self-sufficient, capable of thinking for one’s self
autonomy
The crowd recognised as having the highest social status in the
school
Elites
Sport-oriented students, usually members of at least one sports team.
Athletes
Known for striving for good grades and for being
socially inept.
Academics
Alienated from the school social environment, suspected by
other students of using illicit drugs and engaging in other risky activities.
Deviants
Students who do not stand out in any particular way, neither
positively nor negatively; mostly ignored by other students
Others
delinquent who shows a pattern of problems from birth onwards and whose problems continue
into adulthood
life-course-persistent delinquent (LCPD)
delinquent who shows no evidence of problems prior to adolescence and whose delinquent
behaviour in adolescence is temporary
adolescence-limited delinquent (ALD)
enduring period of sadness, without any other related symptoms of depression
depressed mood
clinical diagnosis that includes a range of specific symptoms such as depressed mood, appetite
disturbances, sleeping disturbances and fatigue
major depressive disorder
to think persistently about bad feelings and experiences
ruminate
overcoming adverse environmental circumstances and achieving healthy development despite
those circumstances
resilience
characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of problems despite
experiencing high-risk circumstances
protective factors
