A cultural approach to human development week 1-2 chapt 1-4 Flashcards
For most of history The human population was under?
10 Million
With the development of agriculture and domestication of animals, the population began to increase around?
10,000 years ago.
What is the projected population in 2090?
10 billion.
Developed countries make up what % of the worlds population?
20%
Nearly all the population growth in the decades to come will take place in the economically
developing countries. T or F
True
Name given to countries that have lower levels of income and education than developed countries but are
experiencing rapid economic
growth
Developing countries
Name given to world’s most economically developed and affluent
countries, with the highest
median levels of income and
education
Developing countries
Current population of developing contries.
6 billion, about 82% of the world’s population
Current population of developed countries.
1.3 billion, about 18% of the total world population
With respect to income, what percentage of the world’s population live on less than $2 a day?
40%
What percent of the world population live on a family income of less than $6000 per year?
80%
What do you call the increasing connections between
different parts of the world in
trade, travel, migration and
communication
Globalization
Definintion: within a country, the cultural
group that sets most of the
norms and standards and holds
most of the positions of political,
economic, intellectual and
media power
Majority culture
Settings and circumstances that contribute to variations in pathways of human development are called?
Contexts.
Between now and 2050, the increase in the population of the United States will be nearly entirely caused by what?
a increased life expectancy
b Higher majority fertility
c Higher minority fertility
d immigration
d immigration
S. is a young girl who lives in a rural area of a developing country. Her family adheres strongly to
the historical traditions of their culture. S. lives in a(n) ______________ culture.
a conservative
b traditional
c archaic
d conventional
b traditional
Definition: cultural values such as
independence and self
expression
Individualistic
cultural values such as
obedience and group harmony
Collectivistic
in developing countries, a rural
culture that adheres more
closely to cultural traditions than
people in urban areas do is called what?
Traditional culture
A. and W. are brothers. A. owns a cleaning business, and W. helps when the jobs are too big for A. to do alone. These brothers most likely live in a(n)
______________ culture.
a collectivistic
b individualistic
c conventional
d caste
a collectivistic
Dr Wu is conducting research and plans to measure the socioeconomic status (SeS) of his participants. His measure of SeS will most likely include which of
the following?
a income level, education level and occupational status
b income level, area of education or specialised training, and race
c income level and reputation
d income level and ethnicit
a income level, education level and occupational status
Phoebe is very proud of her ability to speak Japanese, her parents’ native language, and she has taught herself a number of traditional Japanese
dances and songs. Phoebe is proud of her
______________.
a ethnicity
b majority culture
c socioeconomic status
d caste status
a ethnicity
characteristic pattern of individual
development in a species
ontogenetic
pertaining to the development of
a species
phylogenetic
evolutionary process in which
the offspring best adapted to
their environment survive to
produce offspring of their own
natural selection
According to evolutionary biologists, humans, chimpanzees and gorillas had a common primate ancestor until humans, chimpanzees and gorillas had a common primate ancestor until____ years ago
6-8 million
The evolutionary line that eventually led to humans is known as the
_____.
hominid line
how many years ago did the early hominid species evolved into our species, Homo sapiens
200,000yrs
evolutionary line that led to
modern humans
hominid
species of modern humans
Homo sapiens
social and economic system in
which economic life is based on
hunting (mostly by males) and
gathering edible plants (mostly
by females)
hunter–gatherer
period of human history from
40 000 to 10 000 years ago,
when distinct human cultures
first developed
Upper Palaeolithic period
era of human history from
10 000 to 5000 years ago, when
animals and plants were first
domesticated
Neolithic period
form of human social life,
beginning about 5000 years
ago, that includes cities, writing,
occupational specialisation and
states
civilisation
centralised political system that
is an essential feature of a
civilisation
state
branch of psychology that
examines how patterns of human
functioning and behaviour have
resulted from adaptations to
evolutionary conditions
evolutionary psychology
Unlike earlier hominids, Homo sapiens had
______________.
a much heavier and thicker bones
b smaller teeth and jaws
c a slightly smaller brain
d a narrower pelvis among females and a larger pelvis among males
b smaller teeth and jaws
Which of the following statements best describes the effects of natural selection?
a Species are eliminated, or ‘selected’, one-by-one over thousands of years, and no new species are developed.
b Species change little by little with each generation, and over a long period of time they can develop into new species.
c New species are naturally developed only every 2000 years, and all previously existing species die out.
d Species change over short periods of time, and this change occurs roughly every 1000 years.
b Species change little by little with each generation, and over a long period of time they can develop into new species.
The dramatic change in the development of the human
species that took place during the Upper Palaeolithic period was that, for the first time, ______________.
a brains got larger
b tools were created
c art appeared
d jaws got larger to eat a wider variety of plants
c art appeared
Dr Jenks is interested in how mate selection is shaped by our evolutionary history. She most likely considers herself a(n) ______________.
a biopsychologist
b developmental psychologist
c evolutionary psychologist
d social archaeologist
c evolutionary psychologist
Which of the following is TRUe?
a The development of larger brains allowed our species to be capable of altering our environment.
b Biologically, humans have changed drastically since the origin of Homo sapiens.
c There are fewer than 10 cultures around the world today.
d We are a species that originated in South Asia
a The development of larger brains allowed our species to be capable of altering our environment.
Earliest scientific theory of human development was devised by
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
fist method of Psychotherapy developed by freud.
Psychoanalysis
Purpose of psychoanalysis
To bring patients repressed memories from the unconscious into consciousness.
Human Development : A Cultural Approach, Australian and New Zealand Edition
psychosexual theory
Main feature of Frueds Infancy (oral) stage
Human Development : A Cultural Approach, Australian and New Zealand Edition
Childs desire to displace their same-sex parent and enjoy sexual access to the other-sex parent
Oedipus complex
Main feature of Frueds Toddler (anal) stage.
Sexual sensations centered around the anus; High interest in faeces; pleasure derived from elimination
Main feature of Frued’s early childhood (phallic) stage
sexual sensations move to the genitals; sexual desire for other sex parent and fear of same sex parent.
Main features of the middle childhood (latency) stage
sexual desires repressed; focus on developing social and cognitive skills
Main feature of Adolescence (Genital) stage
Re-emergence of sexual desire, now directed outside the family.
Erikson’s theory that human development is driven by the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment
Psychosocial theory
what were the two main differences in eriksons theory from freuds theory
First, it was a psychosocial theory, in which the driving force behind development was not sexuality but the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment. Second, Erikson viewed development as continuing throughout the life span, not as determined solely by the early years as in Freud’s theory.
Erikson proposed how many stages of development
8
Eriksons stage 1
Infancy- Trust vs mistrust: Main developmental challange is to establish a bond with a trusted caregiver.
Erikson’s stage 2
Toddlerhood - Autonomy vs shame and doubt: Main developmental challenge is to develop a healthy sense of self as distinct from others.
Eriksons stage 3
Early childhood- initiative vs guilt:
Main developmental challenge is to initiate activities in a purposeful way.
Eriksons stage 4
Middle childhood- Industry vs inferiority:
Main developmental challenge is to begin to learn knowledge and skills of one’s culture.
Eriksons stage 5
Adolescence - Identity vs role confusion:
Main developmental challenge is to develop a secure and coherent identity
Erikson stage 6
Early adulthood- intimacy vs isolation:
Main developmental challenge is to establish a committed long-term love relationship
Erikson stage 7
Middle adulthood- generativity vs stagnation: Main developmental challenge is to care for others and contribute to the wellbeing of the young.
Eriksons stage 8
Late adulthood- Ego integrity vs despair:
Main developmental challenge is to evaluate one’s lifetime and accept it as it is.
Bronfenbrenner’s theory that human development is shaped by five interrelated systems in the social environment
Ecological theory.
Bronfenbrenner’s theory was intended to what?
Draw attention to the broader cultural environment that people experience as they develop, and to the ways the different levels of a persons environment interact
According to brofenbrenner, how many key levels or systems play a part in human development?
5
Bronfenbrenner’s term for the immediate environment, the settings where people experience There daily lives.
- The microsystem.
c network of interconnections between the various microsystems.
- The mesosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s term for the societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influences on development.
- The exosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s term for the broad system of cultural beliefs and values, and the economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values.
- Macrosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s term for the changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time, both with respect to individual development and to historical changes.
- The chronosystem
a model for understanding human development that includes three principles: (1) humans always develop within a culture; (2) it is necessary to study people in diverse cultures for a full understanding of human development; and (3) today, cultural identities are becoming more complex around the world
Cultural-developmental aproach.
new life stage in developed countries, lasting from the late teens through the 20s, in which people are gradually making their way towards taking on adult responsibilities in love and work
Emerging adulthood
nearly all cells in the human body contain how many chromosomes?
46 chromosomes in 23 pairs with one chromosome in each pair inherited from each parent.
Chromosomes are composed of complex molecules known as
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA in the chromosomes is organised into segments called what?
Genes.
Basic units of hereditary information
Genes.
Genes contain paired sequenced of chemicals called?
Nucleotides.
approximately how many genes in our 46 chromosomes?
23,000
sausage-shaped structure in the nucleus of cells, containing genes, which are paired, except in
reproductive cells
chromosome
long strand of cell material that stores and transfers genetic information in all life forms
gene
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
segment of DNA containing coded instructions for the growth and functioning of the organism
gene
entire store of an organism’s hereditary information
genome
The totality of an individual’s genes is
the?
genotype
person’s actual characteristics are called the?
phenotype
In part, the difference
between genotype and phenotype is a consequence of?
the person’s environment.
organism’s unique genetic inheritance
genotype
organism’s actual characteristics, derived from its genotype
phenotype
Another aspect of genetic functioning that influences the relation between genotype and phenotype is?
dominant–recessive inheritance
pattern of inheritance in which a pair of chromosomes contains one dominant and one recessive
gene, but only the dominant gene is expressed in the phenotype?
dominant–recessive inheritance
on a pair of chromosomes, each of two forms of a gene
allele
form of dominant–recessive inheritance in which the phenotype is influenced primarily by thedominant gene but also to some extent by the recessive gene?
incomplete dominance
In a female the pair of sex chromosomes is called
XX
In a male the pair of sex chromosomes is called.
XY
Its the mother who determines what the sex of a child will be T or F
false
chromosomes that determine whether an organism is male (XY) or female (XX)
sex chromosomes
Males are at a greater risk of developing a wide variety of gentically based conditions, including learing and intellectual disabilities.
True
Identical or monozygotic twins have what % of their genes in common?
100%
fraternal or dizygotic twins and siblings have ____ of their genes in common.
40-60%
field in the study of human development that aims to identify the extent to which genes influence behaviour, primarily by comparing people who share different amounts of their genes
behaviour genetics
twins that result when two ova are released by a female instead of one, and both are fertilised by different sperm; also called fraternal twins
dizygotic (DZ) twins
degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members, expressed as a percentage
concordance rate
statistical estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among people within a specific population, with values ranging from 0 to 1.00
Heritability
in development, the continuous bidirectional interactions between genes and environment
epigenesis
range of possible developmental paths established by genes; environment determines where development takes place within that range
reaction range
What are the three forms of genotype -> environment effects?
Passive, evocative and active
in the theory of genotype -> environment effects, the type that results from the fact that in a biological family, parents provide both genes and environment to their children
passive genotype → environment effects
in the theory of genotype → environment effects, the type that results when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment
evocative genotype → environment effects
in the theory of genotype → environment effects, the type that results when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics
active genotype → environment effects
cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the
female and sperm in the testes of the male)
gametes
mature egg that develops in ovaries, about every 28 days in human females
ovum
process by which gametes are generated, through separation and duplication of chromosome pairs, ending in four new gametes from the original cell, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell
meiosis
process of cell replication in which the chromosomes duplicate themselves and the cell divides into two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell
mitosis
