A cultural approach to human development week 3 chapter 5

Question 1

According to the WHO about _% of children in Asia and _% in Africa may be at risk of stunting

Answer 1

53, 41

Question 2

By the time they reach their first birthday, the height and weight of average children in developing countries are comparable to the
bottom _ % of children in developed countries, and this pattern continues through childhood into adulthood

Answer 2

5%

Question 3

protein deficiency in childhood, leading to symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, thinning hair and swollen body, which may be fatal if not treated

Answer 3

kwashiorkor

Question 4

Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is?

Answer 4

iodine

Question 5

In young children, a lack of iodine inhibits cognitive development,
resulting in an estimated IQ (intelligence quotient) deficiency of 10–15 points, a substantial margin. T or F

Answer 5

true

Question 6

dietary ingredients essential to optimal physical growth, including iodine, iron, zinc and vitamins
A, B12, C and D

Answer 6

micronutrients

Question 7

the brain has only about
______ as many neurons at age 2 as it did at birth.

Answer 7

one half

Question 8

Early brain development is most distinguished by the
steep increase in?

Answer 8

synaptic density

Question 9

density of synapses among neurons in the brain; peaks around age 3

Answer 9

synaptic density

Question 10

After the peak of synaptic density, a long process of ______
begins

Answer 10

synaptic pruning

Question 11

Synaptic pruning will remove about _____ of synapses in the frontal cortex from early childhood to
adolescence.

Answer 11

one-third

Question 12

process of reducing number of connections between neurons so that they become more efficient

Answer 12

synaptic pruning

Question 13

device that measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, allowing researchers to measure
overall activity of the cerebral cortex as well as activation of specific parts

Answer 13

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Question 14

method of monitoring brain activity in which a person lies inside a machine that uses a magnetic
field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of
stimulation

Answer 14

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Question 15

he final two stages of sensorimotor
development are

Answer 15

tertiary circular reactions and mental representations

Question 16

Piaget’s final stage of sensorimotor development in which toddlers first think about the range of
possibilities and then select the action most likely to achieve the desired outcome

Answer 16

mental representations

Question 17

ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time

Answer 17

deferred imitation

Question 18

Vygotsky’s theory is often referred to as a______ theory
because in his view cognitive
development is always both a social and a cultural process

Answer 18

sociocultural

Question 19

Two of Vygotsky’s most influential ideas are the________and ____

Answer 19

zone of proximal development, scaffolding

Question 20

difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of
performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer

Answer 20

zone of proximal development

Question 21

in Vygotsky’s theory, self-guiding and self-directing comments children make to themselves as
they learn in the zone of proximal development

Answer 21

private speech

Question 22

degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually
decreasing as the learner’s skills develop

Answer 22

scaffolding

Question 23

teaching interaction between two people (often an adult and a child) as they participate in a
culturally valued activity

Answer 23

guided participation

Question 24

ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of
new ways

Answer 24

infinite generativity

Question 25

portion of the left frontal lobe of the human brain that is specialised for language production

Answer 25

Broca’s area

Question 26

portion of the left temporal lobe of the human brain that is specialised for language comprehension

Answer 26

Wernicke’s area

Question 27

according to Chomsky, innate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp
quickly the grammatical rules in the language around them

Answer 27

language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 28

single word that is used to represent a whole sentence

Answer 28

holophrase

Question 29

use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects

Answer 29

overextension

Question 30

applying a general word to a specific object

Answer 30

underextension

Question 31

During toddlerhood, language ___ is a better predictor of later verbal intelligence than production is

Answer 31

comprehension

Question 32

By their second birthday,
toddlers have an average vocabulary of about ___ words

Answer 32

200

Question 33

learning and remembering a word for an object after just one time of being told what the object is
called

Answer 33

fast mapping

Question 34

two-word phrases that strip away connecting words, such as
the and and

Answer 34

telegraphic speech

Question 35

applying grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule

Answer 35

overregularisation

Question 36

Toddlerhood is the stage of life when we first learn how to ___ our emotions

Answer 36

regulate

Question 37

ability to recognise one’s image
in the mirror as one’s self

Answer 37

self-recognition

Question 38

awareness of one’s self as male
or female

Answer 38

gender identity

Question 39

biological status of being male
or female

Answer 39

sex

Question 40

cultural categories of ‘male’ and
‘female’

Answer 40

gender

Question 41

study of animal behaviour

Answer 41

ethology

Question 42

person who is sought out when a
child experiences some kind of
distress or threat in the
environment

Answer 42

primary attachment figure

Question 43

role of primary attachment
figure, allows child to explore
world while seeking comfort
when threats arise

Answer 43

secure base

Question 44

fear in response to unfamiliar
people, usually evident in infants
by age 6 months

Answer 44

stranger anxiety

Question 45

laboratory assessment of
attachment entailing a series of
introductions, separations and
reunions involving the child, the
mother and an unfamiliar person

Answer 45

Strange Situation

Question 46

healthiest classification of parent
child attachment, in which the child
uses the parent as a secure base
from which to explore, protests
when separated from parent and is
happy when the parent returns

Answer 46

secure attachment

Question 47

classification of parent–child
attachment in which there is
relatively little interaction between
them, and the child shows little
response to the parent’s absence
and may resist being picked up
when the parent returns

Answer 47

insecure–avoidant
attachment

Question 48

classification of parent–child
attachment in which the child
shows little exploratory behaviour
when the parent is present, great
distress when the parent leaves
the room and ambivalence upon
the parent’s return

Answer 48

insecure–resistant
attachment

Question 49

classification of parent–child
attachment in which the child
seems dazed and detached, with
possible outbursts of anger, when
the parent leaves the room, and
exhibits fear upon the parent’s
return

Answer 49

disorganised–disoriented
attachment

Question 50

cultural tradition in which men
have more than one wife

Answer 50

polygyny

Question 51

developmental disorder marked
by a lack of interest in social
relations, abnormal language
development and repetitive
behaviour

Answer 51

autism

Question 52

in media research, term for how
media use occupies time that
may have been spent on other
activities

Answer 52

displacement effect