A cultural approach to human development week 3 chapter 5 Flashcards
According to the WHO about _% of children in Asia and _% in Africa may be at risk of stunting
53, 41
By the time they reach their first birthday, the height and weight of average children in developing countries are comparable to the
bottom _ % of children in developed countries, and this pattern continues through childhood into adulthood
5%
protein deficiency in childhood, leading to symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, thinning hair and swollen body, which may be fatal if not treated
kwashiorkor
Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is?
iodine
In young children, a lack of iodine inhibits cognitive development,
resulting in an estimated IQ (intelligence quotient) deficiency of 10–15 points, a substantial margin. T or F
true
dietary ingredients essential to optimal physical growth, including iodine, iron, zinc and vitamins
A, B12, C and D
micronutrients
the brain has only about
______ as many neurons at age 2 as it did at birth.
one half
Early brain development is most distinguished by the
steep increase in?
synaptic density
density of synapses among neurons in the brain; peaks around age 3
synaptic density
After the peak of synaptic density, a long process of ______
begins
synaptic pruning
Synaptic pruning will remove about _____ of synapses in the frontal cortex from early childhood to
adolescence.
one-third
process of reducing number of connections between neurons so that they become more efficient
synaptic pruning
device that measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, allowing researchers to measure
overall activity of the cerebral cortex as well as activation of specific parts
EEG (electroencephalogram)
method of monitoring brain activity in which a person lies inside a machine that uses a magnetic
field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of
stimulation
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
he final two stages of sensorimotor
development are
tertiary circular reactions and mental representations
Piaget’s final stage of sensorimotor development in which toddlers first think about the range of
possibilities and then select the action most likely to achieve the desired outcome
mental representations
ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time
deferred imitation
Vygotsky’s theory is often referred to as a______ theory
because in his view cognitive
development is always both a social and a cultural process
sociocultural
Two of Vygotsky’s most influential ideas are the________and ____
zone of proximal development, scaffolding
difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of
performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer
zone of proximal development
in Vygotsky’s theory, self-guiding and self-directing comments children make to themselves as
they learn in the zone of proximal development
private speech
degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually
decreasing as the learner’s skills develop
scaffolding
teaching interaction between two people (often an adult and a child) as they participate in a
culturally valued activity
guided participation
ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of
new ways
infinite generativity
portion of the left frontal lobe of the human brain that is specialised for language production
Broca’s area
portion of the left temporal lobe of the human brain that is specialised for language comprehension
Wernicke’s area
according to Chomsky, innate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp
quickly the grammatical rules in the language around them
language acquisition device (LAD)
single word that is used to represent a whole sentence
holophrase
use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects
overextension
applying a general word to a specific object
underextension
During toddlerhood, language ___ is a better predictor of later verbal intelligence than production is
comprehension
By their second birthday,
toddlers have an average vocabulary of about ___ words
200
learning and remembering a word for an object after just one time of being told what the object is
called
fast mapping
two-word phrases that strip away connecting words, such as
the and and
telegraphic speech
applying grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule
overregularisation
Toddlerhood is the stage of life when we first learn how to ___ our emotions
regulate
ability to recognise one’s image
in the mirror as one’s self
self-recognition
awareness of one’s self as male
or female
gender identity
biological status of being male
or female
sex
cultural categories of ‘male’ and
‘female’
gender
study of animal behaviour
ethology
person who is sought out when a
child experiences some kind of
distress or threat in the
environment
primary attachment figure
role of primary attachment
figure, allows child to explore
world while seeking comfort
when threats arise
secure base
fear in response to unfamiliar
people, usually evident in infants
by age 6 months
stranger anxiety
laboratory assessment of
attachment entailing a series of
introductions, separations and
reunions involving the child, the
mother and an unfamiliar person
Strange Situation
healthiest classification of parent
child attachment, in which the child
uses the parent as a secure base
from which to explore, protests
when separated from parent and is
happy when the parent returns
secure attachment
classification of parent–child
attachment in which there is
relatively little interaction between
them, and the child shows little
response to the parent’s absence
and may resist being picked up
when the parent returns
insecure–avoidant
attachment
classification of parent–child
attachment in which the child
shows little exploratory behaviour
when the parent is present, great
distress when the parent leaves
the room and ambivalence upon
the parent’s return
insecure–resistant
attachment
classification of parent–child
attachment in which the child
seems dazed and detached, with
possible outbursts of anger, when
the parent leaves the room, and
exhibits fear upon the parent’s
return
disorganised–disoriented
attachment
cultural tradition in which men
have more than one wife
polygyny
developmental disorder marked
by a lack of interest in social
relations, abnormal language
development and repetitive
behaviour
autism
in media research, term for how
media use occupies time that
may have been spent on other
activities
displacement effect
