(E2) Exam 2 - No Pathways Flashcards
1
Q
Define Sensation
A
2
Q
What sensations do humans respond to?
A
External (exteroception) and Internal (interoception)
3
Q
Describe External (exteroception)
A
4
Q
Describe Internal (interoception)
A
5
Q
Describe a unipolar neuron
A
6
Q
Describe a bipolar neuron
A
7
Q
Describe a pseudounipolar neuron
A
8
Q
Describe a multipolar neuron
A
9
Q
Sensory neurons in the body: Peripheral branches contain ______
A
specific receptors
10
Q
Sensory neurons in the body: Central process/branch projects to ______
A
CNS
11
Q
Sensory information from
the body is conveyed via ________ neurons
with cell bodies located in ___________
A
- pseudounipolar
- dorsal root (spinal) ganglia
12
Q
Central process forms _________
A
dorsal roots
13
Q
Peripheral process courses from ______
A
receptors
14
Q
Describe the different classes of sensory fibers in peripheral nerves
A
15
Q
Largest diameter axons convey ___________
A
muscle & joint information for the muscle nerves and types of touch for cutaneous nerves
16
Q
Smaller diameter axons convey ________
A
painful information
17
Q
What receptors do humans have?
A
18
Q
Describe Mechanoreceptors
A
19
Q
What does unencapsulatated mean?
A
Free nerve endings
20
Q
What does encapsulated mean?
A
21
Q
What are the 4 glabrous skin receptors?
A
Meissner
Merkel
Ruffini
Pacinian
22
Q
Touch receptors are found
throughout the skin
Many axons join to form the
________
A
peripheral nerve bundle
23
Q
Describe the Meissner corpuscle
A
24
Q
Describe the Merkel Cells
A
25
Describe the Pacinian Corpuscle
26
Describe the Ruffini Corpuscle
27
What are the deep mechanorecpetors and where are they found?
28
________ detect muscle
length and other contractile
properties
Muscle spindles
29
What are the two types of skeletal muscle fiber?
30
Describe type 1a fibers
31
Describe type II fibers
32
Describe the Golgi Tendon Organs ( what are they, what do they detect, how do they convey to the SC)
33
Few sensory axons enter the ______ spinal cord
sacral
34
Most motor axons terminate at _____
cervical spinal cord
35
More white matter in _____ region than _____ region
cervical
sacral
36
Regions of most gray matter correspond to ______
limbs
37
Fibers are_________
organized throughout
central nervous system
somatotopically
38
IMAGE Little human
39
Image: Somatotopic organization of posterior columns
40
What is the posterior funiculus?
41
_______ are columns of axons from body comprising posterior funiculus.
Posterior (dorsal) columns
42
Gracile fasciculus is______ (its location)
medial
43
Cuneate fasciculus is________(its location)
lateral
44
List the axons from mechanoreceptors in the body from the dorsal column
45
Describe the spinocerebellar pathways
46
What is another name for the posterolateral tract?
Lissauer's tract
47
Describe pain and temperature fibers
Pain and temperature fibers are
unmyelinated or have little
myelin and also ascend or
descend 1 or 2 levels before
synapsing in dorsal horn
48
Image: Cytoarchitecture of spinal cord
One classification is lamina
49
What is the periaqueductal gray?
50
______ neurons are pseudounipolar with
cell bodies located in ganglia
Sensory
51
Pattern: ______ neuron is located in nucleus within CNS
2nd
52
Pattern: ____ neuron is located in thalamic nucleus
3rd
53
Sensation from face is conveyed by
________ and combination of senses is referred to
as trigeminal system
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
54
Trigeminal nerve emerges from
Pons
55
3 divisions of trigeminal nerve
56
True or False: Dermatomes of face are
sharply delineated
True - No overlap like in the rest of the body
57
Describe this
58
Describe this
59
Trigeminal nerve has nuclei
and a ganglion - Name them
60
Motor root of
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
courses deep to _____
semilunar ganglion
61
Describe the Motor Nucleus (what is it, where does it exit, and where is it found)
62
Muscles that the Motor Nucleus Innervates
63
Describe the semilunar ganglion
64
What is the Gasserian Ganglion?
Another name for the semilunar (trigeminal) ganglion
65
Semilunar (trigeminal) ganglion
Large collection of pseudounipolar
neurons from _______
all three divisons of trigeminal nerve
- peripheral processes form individual divisions
- central processes form (sensory root) of trigeminal nerve
66
What do the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve pass through?
67
Why is the mesencephalic nucleus considered "abnormal"?
68
Main Sensory Nucelus (of the face): Location, Function and Equivalence
69
The central processes form the sensory
root of the trigeminal ganglion and
enter the CNS to synapse in the _________
main sensory nucleus
70
Two regions of main sensory nucleus
71
Spinal Nucleus: Location, sensation and equivalence
72
Image: Spinal Trigeminal nucleus somatotopically represented
73
Axons/fibers conveying pain and temperature
are ________
small in diameter and lightly or
unmyelinated
74
Dull, aching pain is likely conveyed by
C fibers
75
Dental hypersensitivity (sharp pain) is likely
conveyed by
Aδ fibers
76
What is the trigeminal tubercle?
77
What are the 3 parts of the spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve?
Pars Caudalis
Pars interpolaris
Pars Oralis
78
Describe Pars Caudalis
79
Describe Pars Oralis
80
Describe Pars Interpolaris
81
Describe Wallenberg Syndrome
82
What is a reflex and a simple reflex?
83
Describe a tendon reflex
84
Describe a corneal reflex
85
Cornea has pain receptors that convey
signals via
ophthalmic nerve
86
Conscious perception of pain from cornea
is conveyed to
cerebral cortex
87
Cornea Reflex is formed via connections to facial
nucleus _______
bilaterally
(if one cornea is irritated, both eyes blink)
88
Mesencephalic Nucleus: Location and Function
89
“sleeve” of neuronal cell bodies
surrounding the cerebral aqueduct
Periaqueductal gray (central gray)
90
Unconscious proprioception is sent to _______
cerebellum
91
Mesencephalic nucleus is also
associated with _______ reflex
jaw jerk
92
Describe the Jaw Jerk reflex
Jaw jerk reflex - Input to motor nucleus is
bilateral
93
True or False: Unilateral lesion doesn’t result
in loss of jaw jerk reflex
True
94
_________ information from
periodontal ligament (Ruffini
endings) also feeds back to
motor nucleus neurons
associated with muscles of
mastication to regulate bite force
Proprioceptive
95
Centers for Pain Modulation
96
Pain Pathway: Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
uses________ to activate
neurons in nucleus raphe
magnus (NRM) or locus
ceruleus
enkephalin
97
Pain Pathway: NRM neurons use _____
serotonin
98
Pain Pathway: Locus ceruleus neurons use _____
noradrenaline
99
What is enkephalin?
100
Mechanisms for Pain Modulation
101
102
103
104
105
106
What is this?
Mesencephalic Nucleus
107
What is this?
1st order processes from distinct tracts within the CNS
108
What are these?
109
What are these?
3rd order neurons
110
What are these?
3rd neuron axons
111
What is this?
4th order neuron
112
Lower Motor Neuron Signs of Lesion
113
What are the 2 neuron pathways for motor neurons?
114
Describe Lower Motor Neurons
115
Lower motor neurons in ventral
horn of spinal cord are
somatotopically organized
Flexors more _________ and
distal limbs more ________
- dorsal/posterior
- lateral
116
Lower motor neurons are primarily _______
α- and/or γ-motor neurons
117
Describe α- and γ-motor neurons
118
Where are upper motor neurons?
Cell bodies in layer V of cerebral cortex
119
Signs of Lesion for Upper Motor Neurons
120
Define Spasticity
Involuntary or abnormal
muscle contraction
121
Images of Reflexes
122
What is the Babinski sign?
123
Corticospinal tract
Cell bodies are located in layer ____ of the cerebral cortex
Layer V
60% located in frontal lobe
40% located in parietal lobe
124
Muscles of facial expression in
the upper half of the face are
controlled _________
about equally from
both hemispheres
125
Muscles in the lower half of
the face are influenced
primarily from the __________
contralateral hemisphere
126
Glossopharyngeal nerve innervates ______
stylopharyngeus
127
Vagus nerve innervates ______
pharyngeal,laryngeal, and esophageal muscles
128
Accessory nerve fibers course with _______
vagus nerve
129
Nucleus ambiguus receives input ________
bilaterally
130
Soft palate and uvula innervation is usually just ____
contralateral
131
___________ sends axons that innervate left uvula
Right precentral gyrus
132
Hypoglossal nucleus receives input _______
bilaterally
133
Genioglossus innervation is usually just __________
contralateral
134
_________ sends axons that innervate left genioglossus
Right precentral gyrus
135
Accessory nucleus receives input primarily ________
ipsilateral
136
Innervation Diagram
137
Functions of extrapyramidal pathways
Modifies impulses
Dampens erratic motion
Maintains muscle tone
Facilitates trunk stability
138
What are extrapyramidal pathways?
139
Extrapyramidal pathways: Cranial nuclei coordinate via
interneurons that course in the
medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
140
Autonomic fibers from hypothalamus, limbic system
and other areas project to parasympathetic nuclei and
IMLCC.
What do the fibers form?
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)
Bilateral tracts that do NOT
decussate
141
Extrapyramidal Pathway: Describe the Vestibulospinal tracts
142
Extrapyramidal Pathway: Describe the Rubrospinal Tract
143
Extrapyramidal Pathway: Describe the Reticulospinal Tract
144
Extrapyramidal Pathway: Describe the Tectospinal Tract
145
What is the basal nuclei and what disorders are associated with damage to it?
146
Describe Parkinsons Disease
147
Describe Huntington's DIsease
148
Describe Tourette's Syndrome
149
Functions of the Cerebellum
150
Cerebellar Disorders
151
152
153
154
155
156
What is this?
Precentral Gyrus
157
Lower motor neurons in ventral horn and cranial
nerve motor nuclei. (list the cranial nerves)
CN III, IV, V, VI, VII,
IX, X, XI, XII
(3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12)
