E - Development Of The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

How is the respiratory system split functionally?

A

Conducting portion and the respiratory portion

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2
Q

Respiratory function of the conducting portion

A

Warm, moisten and conveys air

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3
Q

Respiratory function of the respiratory portion

A

Gas exchange

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4
Q

How is the respiratory tract divided structurally

A

Upper and lower respiratory systems

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5
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consist of?

A

Nasal and oral cavities, pharynx and associated structures

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6
Q

What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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7
Q

What is the respiratory system derived from?

A

The primitive gut tube

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8
Q

What is the primitive gut tube?

A

The precursor to the GI tract which is endodermal derived and forms due to lateral folding of the embryo during early gestation

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9
Q

When and how does respiratory development start?

A

Week 4 - an outpocketing of of the proximal gut tube (the foregut) called the respiratory diverticulum

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10
Q

What begins to separate the foregut from the respiratory diverticulum to induce proper function?

A

The formation of a longitudinal ridge called the tracheoesophageal septum

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11
Q

What does the respiratory diverticulum do after the formation of the tracheoesophageal septum?

A

Bifurcates (forks) into the left and right primary bronchi, and proliferate to produce secondary and tertiary bronchi

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12
Q

What is tracheoesophageal Fistula?

A

Where the trachea remains continuous with the oesophagus due to abnormal formation of the tracheoesophageal septum

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13
Q

What are the signs of tracheoesophageal fistula within children

A

During feeding become cyanosed (blue/purplish skin colour due to a lack of oxygen to blood) or vomit/regurgitate food

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14
Q

How is tracheoesophageal fistula treated?

A

Surgical resection of the fistula

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15
Q

Weeks 8-16 of respiratory development

A

Pseudoglandular phase

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16
Q

What occurs during the pseudoglandular stage?

A

The ducts within the bronchopulmonary segments (the latter of which become their own portions of the lung) start to develop. Bronchiolar buds branch off from tertiary bronchi and begin to develop

17
Q

Metabolism of lungs during pseudoglandular stage

A

Metabolically active but cannot carry out gas exchange. Therefore can derive the body of oxygen. Ductus arteriosus prevents this by shunting blood from pulmonary artery to the aortic arch

18
Q

What do the lungs resemble in the pseudoglandular stage?

A

The development of the tubuloacinar glands

19
Q

Weeks 16-26 of respiratory development

A

Cananalicular stage

20
Q

What occurs during canalicular stage?

A

Respiratory bronchioles develop and bud off from the tertiary bronchioles formed in the pseudoglandular stage

21
Q

Metabolism of canalicular stage

A

Lungs are metabolically active, but still don’t undergo gas exchange. Babies born in the canalicular stage have poor prognosis

22
Q

Week 26 - birth of respiratory development

A

Terminal Sac stage

23
Q

What happens in the terminal sac stage?

A

Alveoli development

24
Q

What two cells do alveoli consist of?

A

Type I and Type Ii pneumocytes

25
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells - make up 90% of alveolus

26
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

Simple cuboidal cells - make up the remaining 10% and produce surfactant

27
Q

Surfactant in the lungs is…

A

Amphipathic - can bind to both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules - in this case water and air

28
Q

Surfactant function in lungs

A

Reduces surface tension in the alveoli, allows the alveoli in the lungs to expand at greater volumes for any given pressure

29
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Baby is born before producing Type II pneumocytes - doesn’t produce surfactant - difficult to expand lungs and take first breath

30
Q

How is Respiratory distress syndrome treated?

A

Mother is given glucocorticoids to stimulate surfactant production in foetus