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Comprehensive Exams > Dynamic Processing > Flashcards

Dynamic Processing Flashcards

1
Q

AGC

A

automatic gain control; sets the amplification of the carrier frequency to an appropriate value, can “lock onto” the input signal such that gradual changes in input amplitude will have minimal effect on the output; however, cannot instantaneously adapt to rapid changes; extremely fast response time is not desirable because this would make the AGC circuit overly sensitive to noise or to intentional variations in the amplitude of the input signal (i.e., amplitude modulation)

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2
Q

Attack time

A

refers to how quickly a signal is attenuated by a desired ratio by 60 percent in a dynamics processor

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3
Q

Attenuation

A

reduction in the level of an audio signal

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4
Q

Breathing (pumping)

A

continuous dynamic movement of a signal due to a dynamics processor; compressor engaging and releasing causes a fluid push and pull

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5
Q

Brickwall limiter

A

type of downward compressor which is set to a very high ratio(often infinity: 1 or 100:1), and does not allow any signal to pass above a given threshold; often used to prevent digital distortion or overages

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6
Q

Ceiling

A

threshold of a limiter; highest point which a signal can pass through, it defines the maximum level (in dB) that the limiter will allow the signal to output

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7
Q

Center image shifting

A

process of adding phase de-correlated signal into a stereo signal which causes a mono signal to be shifted to sounding more “stereo” or “wider”

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8
Q

Companding

A

the process of compressing an audio signal prior to transmission and expanding it after reception; a contraction of the words compressor and expander, which describe contrary dynamics processors; compressor is employed to reduce the dynamic range of a signal, while an expander increases the dynamic range

in a wireless microphone system, compression takes place in the transmitter, while expansion occurs in the receiver; both the compression and expansion are performed by a voltage-controlled-amplifier (VCA)

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9
Q

Compression

A

the act of dynamically controlling a signal by increasing or decreasing the signal above or below a given threshold; main goal is to make a signal more dynamically consistent

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10
Q

Compressor

A

a type of dynamics processor that increases or decreases the amplitude of a signal above or below a given threshold

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11
Q

Downward compressor

A

compressor which attenuates a signal above a set threshold

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12
Q

DC voltage

A

DC electrical signal used to manipulate the values of components in analog circuits; in a mixer and other audio circuits that use a voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA), a DC voltage can be used to set the gain of the VCA

applicable for things like compressors and gates, where the DC voltage may either be a signal proportional to the audio level the devices are acting upon, or could be from some other source

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13
Q

DCA

A

digitally-controlled amplifier; variable-gain amplifier that is digitally controlled through binary numbers; uses a stepped approach giving the circuit graduated increments of gain selection

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14
Q

De-esser

A

type of dynamic EQ which is meant to attenuate high-frequencies (above 1K)

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15
Q

Detector

A

part of a dynamics processor that identifies whether a signal is above or below a set threshold and sends signal to a gain unit; senses the current audio level and sends control signals to a gain cell to tell it when and how it needs to act on the signal

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16
Q

Detection path

A

section of a signal chain in a dynamics processor that sends signal to the detector and out to the gain unit

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17
Q

Downward expansion

A

type of dynamics processing where signal below a set threshold is attenuated to by a given ratio

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18
Q

Ducking

A

type of downward compression which attenuates a signal but the compressor is side-chained to an alternate signal; ex. bass being dynamically attenuated to the signal of a kick drum

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19
Q

Dynamics

A

broad term referring to the amplitude range of a waveform

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20
Q

Dynamic range

A

the range between the highest and lowest amplitude signals of a waveform

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21
Q

Electro-optical

A

gain reduction is achieved through the use of special light dependent resistors optically coupled to an electro-luminescent panel; another method uses LEDs to illuminate the photo-resistor; produces a particularly smooth and natural sounding gain reduction (LA-2A)

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22
Q

Envelope

A

refers to the dynamic ADSR of a signal, or compressor; in a compressor the attack and release functions determine the envelope of a signal

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23
Q

Envelope follower

A

device used in musical electronic environments that detects the amplitude variation over time in an incoming signal and produces a control signal that resembles it; usually offers the possibility to modify the attack and the release stages of the input signal

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24
Q

Expander

A

type of dynamics processor where signal above or below a set threshold is attenuated or increased by a given ratio, but its main goal is to increase the dynamic range of a signal

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25
Q

Fade

A

gradual decrease or increase of the level of an audio signal

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26
Q

Fade-in

A

gradual increase in level of an audio signal

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27
Q

Fade-out

A

gradual decrease in level of an audio signal

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28
Q

Fader

A

a device for gradually increasing or decreasing the level of an audio signal

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29
Q

Fader riding

A

manually automating the level of an audio signal by controlling it with a fader

30
Q

Frequency dependent dynamic processing

A

processing that is implemented by dynamic EQs where dynamics are applied to specific frequency ranges

31
Q

Gain range

A

range by which audio can be boosted or attenuated

32
Q

Gain reduction

A

regulation of the amplitude of a signal in order to prevent it from getting too loud, or to keep the signal at a relatively uniform level, or both

33
Q

Gain before threshold

A

gain applied to a signal before signal attenuation (1176)

34
Q

Gate

A

type of downward expander that has a very high ratio, intended to decrease lower signals; also called noise gate

35
Q

Hole-punching

A

a sudden audible drop in level after a program transient

36
Q

Chatter

A

a rapid opening and closing of a gate, causing audible distortion

37
Q

Hold

A

sustain value of a dynamics processor which occurs before the release stage of ADSR values; often seen in expanders to keep gates open for a certain amount of time before the release

38
Q

Key input

A

sidechain input signal of a dynamics processor; when a signal is “keyed” it is sidechained to (x) signal

39
Q

Keying

A

sidechaining the detector of a dynamics processor to a alternate signal, then applying dynamics processing on a different signal (that which is being keyed)

40
Q

Knee

A

threshold-determined point where the ratio changes
from unity gain to the set ratio

41
Q

Hard knee

A

threshold sets a strict limit between no treatment and full treatment

42
Q

Soft knee

A

enables smoother transition between no treatment and treatment—gain reduction starts somewhere below the threshold with diminutive ratio, and the full compression ratio is reached somewhere above the threshold

43
Q

Leveler

A

device which uses an audio gain circuit to increase or decrease the level of audio passing through it based on parameters set by the user; goal is to have an audio signal stay at roughly the same volume for an extended period of time

44
Q

Link

A

connects the attack and release time on a dynamics processor; also can link stereo compressors to compress with the same settings on both channels of stereo

45
Q

Limiter

A

downward compressor with a ratio set to 10:1 or higher

46
Q

Look ahead

A

allows side-chain to see the input signal slightly in advance so it has more time to react to transients

47
Q

Loudness

A

subjective attribute of level; something is perceived as louder if the dynamic range is smaller

48
Q

Makeup gain

A

a feature on dynamic processors that allows the user to turn up the overall signal after the audio has been compressed

49
Q

Microsecond

A

one millionth of a second

50
Q

Millisecond

A

one thousandth of a second

51
Q

Multiband compressor

A

splits the input signal into different bands, then lets us compress each band individually

52
Q

Multichannel processing

A

a processor that takes in the outputs of multiple different audio signals (usually stereo) and outputs the processed signal

53
Q

Mute

A

button found on some recording consoles that, when pressed, silences the input or other signal it is associated with

54
Q

Normalize

A

to boost the highest sample of a digital sound file to the maximum amplitude the system is capable of encoding, short of clipping (0dBFS), and then raising all other samples by the same proportion

55
Q

Optical compressor

A

side-chain controls the brightness of a bulb or LED; on the gain stage, there is a photo-resistive material, which affects the amount of applied
gain; exhibit the slowest response times of all compressors

56
Q

Vari-mu

A

no ratio, incremental amount of gain reduction with relation to input levels up to a point where the compressor becomes linear

57
Q

Parallel compression

A

take a copy of a signal, compress it, and blend the compressed version with the uncompressed original

58
Q

Perceived loudness

A

human perception of sound intensity

59
Q

Peak limiter

A

special type of compressor that prevents the signal from exceeding a certain preset level, no matter what the input signal level may be

60
Q

Bus compression

A

engaging a compressor on the mix bus while mixing

61
Q

Program dependent processing

A

rather than responding to a fixed value, the attack and release times (and ratio in the case of the LA-2A) of a compressor vary somewhat depending on the frequency and amplitude of the incoming signal

62
Q

Ratio

A

determines the extent to which overshooting signals are reduced toward the threshold

63
Q

Release

A

determines how quickly gain reduction falls

64
Q

Rise time

A

time required for a device to allow a signal waveform to rise from 10% of maximum amplitude to 90% of maximum amplitude, usually measured in microseconds

65
Q

Sidechain

A

control input used to trigger a compressor or gate with an external signal

66
Q

Skirt

A

slope of a filter response curve outside its passband

67
Q

Soft limiting

A

applying a soft knee type of process to a limiter

68
Q

Stereo link

A

ensures that both left and right channels are processed identically, so no image shifting occurs

69
Q

Tape compression

A

recording at high levels to analog tape; way it reshapes the amplitude detail of an audio waveform comes from a kind of low-threshold, variable-ratio compression with infinitely fast attack and release, meaning no compressor can accurately mimic it

70
Q

Threshold

A

divides the full input level range into two sections; depending on the processor, the treated level range might be above or below the threshold

Comprehensive Exams (25 decks)

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