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Comprehensive Exams > Acoustics and Psychoacoustics > Flashcards

Acoustics and Psychoacoustics Flashcards

1
Q

Regeneration

A

signal fed back through an effects processor to intensify or extend an effect; for example, in a delay effect, signal passes through the processor, is delayed and sent out as an echo of the original sound

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2
Q

Reverberant decay

A

amount of time for the tail of a reverb to fall by 60 dB compared to the first reflection

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3
Q

Reverberant field

A

part of the sound field radiated by a source which has experienced at least one reflection from a boundary of the room or enclosure containing the source

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4
Q

Reverberation

A

multitudinous reflections off of the surfaces of an enclosed space; consists of early and late reflections

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5
Q

Room tone

A

the natural ambience of sound that exists in any space—enclosed, outdoors, or otherwise

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6
Q

RTAS

A

Real Time Audio Suite; plugin format which is designed to run like hardware inserts, in real time, instead of using renders like normal audiosuite; replacement for RTAS is the AAX style of plugin

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7
Q

Slapback

A

short low feedback delay effect often heard in ’50s pop and rockabilly styles; range of 40-120ms

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8
Q

Sound field

A

the space in which we hear sound, including location, reflections, and reverberations

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9
Q

Stomp box

A

percussion instrument consisting of a small box placed under the foot, which is tapped or stamped on rhythmically to produce a sound similar to that of a bass drum; used by guitarists and singers to create self-accompaniment

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10
Q

Time division multiplexing

A

method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in an alternating pattern

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11
Q

Tempo

A

rate of speed of a musical piece or passage indicated by one of a series of directions (such as largo, presto, or allegro) and often by an exact metronome marking measured in bpm

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12
Q

Time-based effect

A

all processes where some form of manipulation of time occurs to the signal; includes delay, echo, chorus, flanging, reverbs, pitch transposers, harmonizers

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13
Q

Wet

A

part of signal that is coming straight from the effects processor

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14
Q

Wet/dry mix

A

the ratio of the original signal to the processed signal

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15
Q

Fletcher-Munson

A

graph of observed data where loudness varies across frequencies to the human ear, and the level of a signal also shapes whether the frequency response is flatter or more varied; the louder a signal is, the more even the frequency balance and the more highs and lows we perceive as compared to mids

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16
Q

Equal loudness curves

A

another way to describe Fletcher Munson curves

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17
Q

Critical distance

A

distance at which the direct and reflected reverberations are equal in level

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18
Q

Direct signal

A

first instance of the sound arriving at the listener and hence provides an important psychoacoustic cue

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19
Q

Drum booth

A

an acoustically isolated room that allows for accurate and dry recording and representation of a drum kit

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20
Q

Early reflections

A

reflections happening shortly after direct sound that provide our brain with most of the information regarding space properties and will contribute greatly to the realism of depth

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21
Q

Inverse square law

A

the intensity (I) of a sound is proportional to (α) the inverse of the square of the distance (r) from the sound source; for every doubling of distance away from a source, we get a drop in level of 6 dB

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22
Q

Isolation booth

A

small windowed room or booth within a recording studio where a performer, such as an announcer, soloist, or drummer can be situated with her microphone(s) while recording and be isolated from the sound made by the other musicians

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23
Q

Isolation

A

sounds are separate from other sounds, decreasing or eliminating bleed

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24
Q

Initial time delay

A

time interval between a listener’s hearing of the direct sound from a source and the earliest reflected sound from
the walls or ceiling

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25
Q

Late diffuse reflections

A

reflections bounced from many surfaces many times; later reflections are absorbed more as they encounter a growing number of surfaces, resulting in reverb with decaying amplitude

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26
Q

Live room

A

the part of a studio where the musicians record, usually in a group setting; the largest part of a studio

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27
Q

Masking

A

the ability of one sound to cover up another, whether spectrally, through amplitude, or otherwise

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28
Q

Pascal

A

SI unit of pressure, abbreviated Pa, equal to 1 newton per square meter; reference pressure equivalent to 0 dB sound pressure level is 20 micropascals

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29
Q

Phase

A

a number of degrees relative to some reference; for example, two waveforms of identical frequency are in-phase when their compression (positive) and rarefaction (negative) half-cycles coincide exactly in time and space

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30
Q

Out-of-phase

A

in two waveforms of the same frequency, positive half-cycle of one coincides with the negative half-cycle of the other

31
Q

Phase cancellation

A

out-of-phase waveforms are added together, causing silence

32
Q

Vocal booth

A

a small isolated room where a vocalist can sing without having bleed from other musicians

33
Q

Ohm’s law

A

when resistances/impedances are in series, the greater
resistance receives the proportionally greater voltage; resistance=voltage/intensity

34
Q

Hertz

A

internationally agreed-upon symbol to indicate frequency in cycles per second

35
Q

FFT

A

Fast Fourier Transform; algorithm for the extraction
of a frequency spectrum from a time waveform

36
Q

Fourier

A

18th-century physicist who proved all waveforms can be broken down into individual component simple waves; the relative amplitude and phase of the individual harmonics
determine the overall wave shape and resulting timbre

37
Q

Absorption coefficient

A

describes, on a scale from 0 to 1, how much energy is absorbed; 1 indicates total absorption, 0 indicates total reflection

38
Q

Absorption

A

measure of the amount of energy removed from the sound wave as the wave passes through a given thickness of material

39
Q

Absorber

A

acoustic insulation that traps sounds

40
Q

Air absorption

A

high-frequency attenuation that accrues over transmission distance in air; humidity, ambient temperature, and atmospheric pressure all play a part in the parameters of this filter function

41
Q

Acoustic treatment

A

solutions that help to absorb or diffuse sound to improve the acoustic quality of a space

42
Q

Ambience

A

the acoustical qualities of a listening space

43
Q

Anechoic

A

without echo

44
Q

Baffle

A

construction or device which reduces the strength (level) of airborne sound

45
Q

Beats per minute

A

the pace of music measured by the number of beats occurring in 60 seconds

46
Q

Broadband absorber

A

absorber constructed to control all frequency bands with the same efficiency

47
Q

Cent

A

frequency increments of 1/100th of a semitone

48
Q

Correlated

A

sound comes from several sources that are related, either by a simple reflection or a common electrical source

49
Q

Damping

A

addition of friction to a resonance to remove energy from it and thus reduce its magnitude

50
Q

Dead

A

the effect of very little reverberation

51
Q

Decorrelated/uncorrelated

A

sound comes from several sources that are unrelated

52
Q

Decay time

A

synonym for reverberation time, or the time it takes a sound to decay to one millionth of its former strength (60dB)

53
Q

Diffraction

A

the bending of a sound wave around an obstacle and the reflection of a sound wave from a discontinuity in its path

54
Q

Delay

A

electronic device designed to store a signal for a specified period of time and then release it, thereby delaying the signal relative to other parts of an audio program

55
Q

Density

A

mass per unit volume

56
Q

Diffusion

A

process of spreading or dispersing radiated energy so it is less direct or coherent

57
Q

Diffuser

A

device that spreads/disperses radiated energy so it is less direct or coherent

58
Q

Discrete reflections

A

reflections that are perceived by the listener as individual sounds

59
Q

True stereo

A

stereo signal consists of two related channels, with correlated material in the left and right outputs

60
Q

Doppler effect

A

apparent change in the pitch of a sound when the source of the sound is moving with respect to the listener

61
Q

Dry

A

lacking in reverberation; dead

62
Q

Echo

A

a discrete sound reflection arriving at least 50 milliseconds after the direct sound

63
Q

Effect

A

hardware or software device that manipulates how an audio signal sounds

64
Q

Effects processor

A

device that takes in a signal, processes it in some way, and outputs the affected signal

65
Q

AAX

A

Avid Audio eXtension; plug-in format developed by Avid as both a native and a DSP-powered replacement for RTAS and TDM

66
Q

Audio unit

A

set of application programming interface (API) services provided by the operating system to generate, process, receive, or otherwise manipulate streams of audio in near-real-time with minimal latency

67
Q

VST

A

Virtual Studio Technology; digital interface standard that is used to connect and integrate software audio effects, synthesizers and effect plugins with recording systems and audio editors

68
Q

Flutter echo

A

acoustic effect in some rooms where sound is reflected back and forth between two parallel surfaces, such as opposite walls, fewer than about 15 echoes per second

69
Q

Haas effect

A

an audible delay will only be perceived if the time gap between two similar waveforms is bigger than 30–40 ms

70
Q

Late reflections

A

those that are distinguishable as separate acoustic events from the direct signal; not reverb

71
Q

Multi-effects processor

A

audio signal processing unit that combines several
different audio effects

72
Q

Multiplexing

A

signals are combined in such a way that they can later be separated

73
Q

Parameter

A

a factor that determines a range of variables, like frequency band, level, etc.

74
Q

Predelay

A

delay between the initial impulse and the onset of reverberation

Comprehensive Exams (25 decks)

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