Dural Sinuses and Cranial Vasculature Flashcards
What are the two layers of the cranial Dura Mater?
periosteal layer and meningeal layer
What are the 4 cranial dural septa?
falx cerebri, diaphragma selle, flax cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli
What is the largest artery of the dura?
middle meningeal artery
What does the middle meningeal artery split into?
the frontal (anterior) branch and the parietal (posterior) branch
What nerve mainly innervates the meninges?
trigeminal nerve
what is the CSF formed by?
the choroid plexus in each ventricle
what structure allows drainage of CSF to dural venous sinuses?
arachnoid granulations
what is hydrocephalus caused by?
an obstruction in CSF flow that restricts its reabsorption in the venous bloodstream
how is hydrocephalus treated?
inserting a ventriculoperitoneal shunt that drains to the abdominal cavity or by performing a ventriculostomy
how does a ventriculostomy work?
creates a hole in the floor of the 3rd ventricle that drains into the subarachnoid space
what are the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus innervated by?
glossopharyngeal nerve
what branches off the facial artery?
angular artery- the terminal branch
What does the falx cerebri separate?
the right and left cerebral hemispheres
what does the tentorium cerebelli separate?
the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
what gaze is typically unsuccessful with cases of a cavernous sinus thrombosis?
lateral gaze, because the abducens nerve is affected
how does the middle meningeal artery enter the floor of the middle cranial fossa?
through the foramen spinosum
how do you get drainage from the scalp to the superior sagittal sinus?
diploic veins
how can there be drainage of the facial vein into the cavernous sinus?
via the supra-opthalmic or the infra-opthalmic veins
where is the angular branch of the facial artery located?
near the orbit
what is the first part of the maxillary artery known as?
the mandibular part
what is the second part of the maxillary artery known as?
the pterygoid part
what is the third and final part of the maxillary artery known as?
pterygopalatine part
what branches off the mandibular part of the maxillary artery?
the middle meningeal artery and the inferior alveolar artery
what branches off the pterygoid part of the maxillary artery?
buccal artery and anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries
what branches off the pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery?
the posterior superior alveolar artery, infraorbital artery, sphenopalatine artery, and descending palatine artery
what does the descending palatine artery split into?
the greater and the lesser palatine arteries
what branches off the superficial temporal artery?
transverse facial artery
which artery off the maxillary artery is sending blood to the majority of the nasal cavity?
the sphenopalatine artery (off the third part of the maxillary artery)
what are the branches of the internal carotid artery?
opthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, and the middle cerebral artery
what branches off the opthalmic artery?
lacrimal artery, supraorbital artery, supratrochlear artery, anterior ethmoidal artery, posterior ethmoidal artery
what do the vertebral arteries come together as?
the basilar artery
what is vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
there is decreased posterior circulation due to intermittent vertebral artery occlusion
when could you get vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
during head rotation or extension or if there is atherosclerosis
what are some of the symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
syncope, vertigo, dizziness, double vision, slurred speech, weakness
what is subclavian steal syndrome?
proximal stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian artery
what does blockage of the subclavian artery lead to?
reverse flow through the vertebral artery of the affected side to supply blood to the upper extremity
what are the symptoms of subclavian steal syndrome?
presyncope/syncope, different blood pressures in the upper extremities, and neurological deficits
what can cause subclavian steal syndrome?
atherosclerosis or a cervical rib
