Dural Sinuses and Cranial Vasculature

Question 1

What are the two layers of the cranial Dura Mater?

Answer 1

periosteal layer and meningeal layer

Question 2

What are the 4 cranial dural septa?

Answer 2

falx cerebri, diaphragma selle, flax cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

Question 3

What is the largest artery of the dura?

Answer 3

middle meningeal artery

Question 4

What does the middle meningeal artery split into?

Answer 4

the frontal (anterior) branch and the parietal (posterior) branch

Question 5

What nerve mainly innervates the meninges?

Answer 5

trigeminal nerve

Question 6

what is the CSF formed by?

Answer 6

the choroid plexus in each ventricle

Question 7

what structure allows drainage of CSF to dural venous sinuses?

Answer 7

arachnoid granulations

Question 8

what is hydrocephalus caused by?

Answer 8

an obstruction in CSF flow that restricts its reabsorption in the venous bloodstream

Question 9

how is hydrocephalus treated?

Answer 9

inserting a ventriculoperitoneal shunt that drains to the abdominal cavity or by performing a ventriculostomy

Question 10

how does a ventriculostomy work?

Answer 10

creates a hole in the floor of the 3rd ventricle that drains into the subarachnoid space

Question 11

what are the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus innervated by?

Answer 11

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 12

what branches off the facial artery?

Answer 12

angular artery- the terminal branch

Question 13

What does the falx cerebri separate?

Answer 13

the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 14

what does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

Answer 14

the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum

Question 15

what gaze is typically unsuccessful with cases of a cavernous sinus thrombosis?

Answer 15

lateral gaze, because the abducens nerve is affected

Question 16

how does the middle meningeal artery enter the floor of the middle cranial fossa?

Answer 16

through the foramen spinosum

Question 17

how do you get drainage from the scalp to the superior sagittal sinus?

Answer 17

diploic veins

Question 18

how can there be drainage of the facial vein into the cavernous sinus?

Answer 18

via the supra-opthalmic or the infra-opthalmic veins

Question 19

where is the angular branch of the facial artery located?

Answer 19

near the orbit

Question 20

what is the first part of the maxillary artery known as?

Answer 20

the mandibular part

Question 21

what is the second part of the maxillary artery known as?

Answer 21

the pterygoid part

Question 22

what is the third and final part of the maxillary artery known as?

Answer 22

pterygopalatine part

Question 23

what branches off the mandibular part of the maxillary artery?

Answer 23

the middle meningeal artery and the inferior alveolar artery

Question 24

what branches off the pterygoid part of the maxillary artery?

Answer 24

buccal artery and anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries

Question 25

what branches off the pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery?

Answer 25

the posterior superior alveolar artery, infraorbital artery, sphenopalatine artery, and descending palatine artery

Question 26

what does the descending palatine artery split into?

Answer 26

the greater and the lesser palatine arteries

Question 27

what branches off the superficial temporal artery?

Answer 27

transverse facial artery

Question 28

which artery off the maxillary artery is sending blood to the majority of the nasal cavity?

Answer 28

the sphenopalatine artery (off the third part of the maxillary artery)

Question 29

what are the branches of the internal carotid artery?

Answer 29

opthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, and the middle cerebral artery

Question 30

what branches off the opthalmic artery?

Answer 30

lacrimal artery, supraorbital artery, supratrochlear artery, anterior ethmoidal artery, posterior ethmoidal artery

Question 31

what do the vertebral arteries come together as?

Answer 31

the basilar artery

Question 32

what is vertebrobasilar insufficiency?

Answer 32

there is decreased posterior circulation due to intermittent vertebral artery occlusion

Question 33

when could you get vertebrobasilar insufficiency?

Answer 33

during head rotation or extension or if there is atherosclerosis

Question 34

what are some of the symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency?

Answer 34

syncope, vertigo, dizziness, double vision, slurred speech, weakness

Question 35

what is subclavian steal syndrome?

Answer 35

proximal stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian artery

Question 36

what does blockage of the subclavian artery lead to?

Answer 36

reverse flow through the vertebral artery of the affected side to supply blood to the upper extremity

Question 37

what are the symptoms of subclavian steal syndrome?

Answer 37

presyncope/syncope, different blood pressures in the upper extremities, and neurological deficits

Question 38

what can cause subclavian steal syndrome?

Answer 38

atherosclerosis or a cervical rib