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Drugs > Drugs Week 2 + Some Trudy > Flashcards

Drugs Week 2 + Some Trudy Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine trade name

A

acetylcholine

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2
Q

Acetylcholine drug class

A

cholinergic neurotransmitter

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3
Q

Acetylcholine mechanism of action

A

cholinergic neurotransmitter, rarely used as a drug because effects too generalized - prototypic cholinergic agonist - in periphery cholinergic transmission occurs both with autonomic and somatic NS

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4
Q

Acetylcholine side effects

A
  • v high doses Ach muscarinic effects on heart can be lethal unless muscarinic antagonist present - prolonged ACh at neuromuscular junction at high doses causes tremors and fasciculations which terminate in depolarizing paralysis bc inactivation Na+ channels
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5
Q

Acetylcholine fx

A

important for normal functioning of both central and peripheral nervous system Muscarinic effects acetyl choline USE GBH Heart- decrease rate and contraction force GI tract- increase secretions and peristalsis decrease sphincter tone Urinary bladder- contract detrusor and relax sphincter Bronchioles- contract, decrease airways, increase secretions Eye- Contract iris, constrict ciliary muscle, open canals of Schlemn, decrease pressure Exocrine glands- increase salvation, lacrimation, sweating (except horse) Blood Vessels- indirect relaxation via increase NO synthesis in endothelial cells Nicotinic effects at neuromuscular junction -contract skeletal muscle Nicotinic effects at autonomic ganglia: - summation of parasympathetic and sympathetic effects, generally sympathetic responses predominant (tachycardia, increase blood pressure, other sympathetic responses)

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6
Q

atracurium trade name

A

tracrium

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7
Q

atracurium drug class

A

muscle nicotinic antagonist

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8
Q

atracurium mechanism of action

A

Acetylcholine receptor non depolarizing blockers (competitive antagonist that binds to acetylcholine receptor but does not create response)

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9
Q

atracurium side effects

A
  • interacts with phenothiazines, local anesthetics, general anesthetics and antibiotics can potentiate activity of neuromuscular blockers - histamine release -> secondary side effects including: allergic rxn, inadequate or prolonged block, hypotension, vasodilation, bradycardia, tachycardia, dyspnea, broncho-laryngospasm, rash, urticaria, and reaction at injection site
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10
Q

atracurium fx

A

-commonly used as neuromuscular blocker designed to be shorter acting with less ganglionic blockade and histamine release than D-tubocuraine - used as adjunct to general anesthesia to produce muscle relaxation during sx procedures or mechanical ventilation and also to facilitate endotracheal intubation

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11
Q

bethanechol trade name

A

Urecholine

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12
Q

bethanechol drug class

A

muscarinic agonist

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13
Q

bethanechol mechanism of action

A

-direct acting muscarinic agonist (produce only muscarinic effects so parasympathomimetic) - mostly effects GI and bladder - Choline ester

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14
Q

bethanechol side effects

A
  • V+ - cramping - ptyalism (excessive salivation) - anorexia - increased uretheral resistance
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15
Q

bethanechol fx

A
  • increase GI motility - reduce bladder tone (treat atony in dogs, cats, horses) - management idiopathic megaesophagus - increase detrusor tone post urethreal obstruction cats
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16
Q

dantrolene trade name

A

dantrium

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17
Q

dantrolene drug class

A

ryanodine recetpor antagonist

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18
Q

dantrolene mechanism of action

A

decreases amount of calcium released into cytoplasm from sarcoplasmic reticulum by interacting with ryanodine receptor in muscle (ryanodine is involved in Ca2+ release -> muscle contraction) this blocks ryanodine receptor and therefore Ca2+ release

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19
Q

dantrolene side effects

A

-hepatoxiicity CNS associated signs: - weakness - sedatino - dizziness - headache - GI effects (nausea, V+, constipation) - increased urinary frequency and possibly hypotension

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20
Q

dantrolene fx

A

-reduces contraction of skeletal muscle - used in malignant hyperthermia

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21
Q

dexmedetomidine trade name

A

dexdomitor

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22
Q

dexmedetomidine drug class

A

sedative, alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

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23
Q

dexmedetomidine mechanism of action

A

inhibits neuronal firing in brain and spinal cord by diminishing release of norepinephrine from presynaptic neuro terminal

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24
Q

dexmedetomidine side effects

A

-hypotension, bradycardia, poor peripheral perfusion and sedation

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25
Q

dexmedetomidine fx

A

sedative and analgesic

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26
Q

gabapentin trade name

A

neurontin

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27
Q

gabapentin drug class

A

analgesic

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28
Q

gabapentin mechanism of action

A
  • structural analogue of GABA - binds axillary subunit (a2S-1) of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels inhibiting nerve injury-induced trafficking of Ca2+ channels at pre-syn terminals DRG neurons (inhibit Ca2+ channels -> decrease NT release)
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29
Q

gabapentin side effects

A
  • dizziness - somnolence - ataxia - peripheral edema - confusion
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30
Q

gabapentin fx

A

-recommended first line treatment for neuropathic pain (along with antidepressants and topical lidocaine) - anticonvulsant

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31
Q

ketamine trade name

A

ketalar

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32
Q

ketamine drug class

A

glutamate receptor antagonist

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33
Q

ketamine mechanism of action

A

NMDA receptor antagonist (activate glutamate synapses more likely to be inhibited by dissociate anesthetics bc NMDA-type glutamate receptors in pain pathways that are stimulated more likely to be blocked

34
Q

ketamine side effects

A
  • strong dysphoric rxn when drug wears off - respiratory depression following high doses - emesis - vocalization - erratic and prolonged recovery - dyspnea - spastic jerking movements - convusions - muscle tremors - hypertonicity -opsithonos - cardiac arrest -seizures - CNS effects
35
Q

ketamine fx

A

-dissociative anesthetic - preanesthetic drug (causes dysphoria so use with noradrenergic alpha 2 agonist or benzodiazepine (ie diazepam) - analgesia - amnesia (of sx procedure) - protect brain from excitotoxic cell death during hypoxic episodes - maintain or increase cardiac output

36
Q

morphine trade name

A

Avinza, Duramorph, Astramorph, Kadian, DepoDur

37
Q

morphine drug class

A

opiod

38
Q

morphine mechanism of action

A
  • activate opioid receptor -> -inhibition voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in presynaptic neuron -> less NT released - activation inwardly rectifying K+ channels (GIRKs) in post synaptic neuron -> membrane hyperpolarization - modulation cAMP-gated K+ channels These activities attenuate neuronal excitability and reduce neurotransmitter release
39
Q

morphine side effects

A
  • constipation - sedation -dizziness - nausea - V+ - physical dependence - tolerance - respiratory depression Chronic use ->: - tolerance -addiction - opioid-induced hyperalgesia
40
Q

morphine fx

A

analgesia

41
Q

pancuronium trade name

A

pavulon

42
Q

pancuronium drug class

A

muscle nicotinic antagonist

43
Q

pancuronium mechanism of action

A

-non depolarizing acetylcholine receptor blocker - binds to acetylcholine receptor, does not produce a response - ammonio steroid

44
Q

pancuronium side effects

A

-NO histamine release - some vagal blockade observed bc interactions muscarinic acetylcholine receptors -> possible tachycardia

45
Q

pancuronium fx

A

used as adjunct to general anesthesia to produce muscle relaxation during sx procedures or mechanical ventilation and facilitate endotracheal intubation

46
Q

Phenobarbital trade name

A

phenobarbital

47
Q

phenobarbital drug class

A

barbiturate

48
Q

phenobarbital mechanism of action

A

allosteric agonist that binds GABAa receptor, works at allosteric site called barbiturate site and increases Cl- influx

49
Q

phenobarbital side effects

A

-lethargy - anxiety/ agitation - depression - polydipsia - polyuria -polyphagia - sedation - ataxia Rarely: - anemia - thrombocytopenia -neutorpenia - hepatic failure cats - can also see weight gain, facial pruritus - do not have liver enzyme issues unlike dogs - coagulopathies - adrenal insufficiency

50
Q

phenobarbital fx

A

-anti-convulsant -sedative

51
Q

pralidoxime (2-PAM) trade name

A

protopram

52
Q

pralidoxime (2-PAM) drug class

A

OP reversal agent

53
Q

pyridostigmine trade name

A

none

54
Q

pyridostigmine drug class

A

cholinesterase inhibitor

55
Q

pyridostigmine mechanism of action

A

-indirectly acting agonist (cholinesterase inhibitor ie anticholinesterase) - carbamylating ester, reversibly inhibits chE for a few hours via covalent modification (carbamylation)

56
Q

pyridostigmine side effects

A

cholinergic in nature - GI motility increase - salivation - lacrimation (increase) - abdominal pain - D+ - bradycardia OD: - cholinergic toxicity

57
Q

pyridostigmine fx

A

-treatment myasthenia gravis - reversal of some neuromuscular blockers

58
Q

succinylcholine trade name

A

quelicin, anectine

59
Q

succinylcholine drug class

A

depolarizing nicotinic blocker

60
Q

succinylcholine mechanism of action

A

acetylcholine receptor depolarizing blocker; binds to acetylcholine receptor and produces response but rapidly desensitizes the receptor this temporarily blocks further activation of receptor

61
Q

succinylcholine side effects

A
  • succinylcholine degraded by pseudocholinesterase in serum and bc pseudocholinesterase is synthesized in liver, hepatic damage can decrease the enzyme level in serum causing complications with use succinylcholine - drug interactions: phenothiazines, local anesthetics, general anestertics, and antibiotics can potentiate the activity of neuromuscular blockers
62
Q

succinylcholine fx

A
  • induction of anesthesia - wildlife capture - Use of these agents without ventilation= malpractice
63
Q

thiobarbital trade name

A

thiobarbital

64
Q

thiobarbital drug class

A

barbituate

65
Q

thiobarbital mechanism of action

A

allosteric modulator of GABAa receptor - acts at allosteric barbiturate site and directly at neurotransmitter receptor site as direct agonist - decreases responsiveness of membrane

66
Q

thiobarbital side effects

A

???

67
Q

thiobarbital fx

A

injectable anesthetic (short acting)

68
Q

tramadol trade name

A

ultram, ConZip, Ryzolt

69
Q

tramadol drug class

A

opiod

70
Q

tramadol mechanism of action

A
  • synthetic analgesic - functions as agonist for MOP (and probably KOP) - inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake - mainly works on CNS
71
Q

tramadol side effects

A
  • dizziness - V+ - Nausea - Somnolence - Constipation
72
Q

tranamdol fx

A

second line treatments for neuropathic pain

73
Q

atropine trade name

A

atropine

74
Q

atropine drug class

A

muscarinic antagonist

75
Q

atropine mechanism of action

A

-inhibits acetylcholine and other cholinergic stimulants at postganglionic parasympathetic neuroeffector sites - high dose can block nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia and NMJ

76
Q

atropine side effects

A
  • dry mount - increased viscosity of secretions - dysphagia - constipation - V+ - thirst - urinary retention or hesitancy - CNS effects (stimulation, drowsiness, ataxia, seizures, respiratory depression) - Opthamic effects (blurred vision, pupil dilation, cycloplegia, photophobia) - Cardiovascular effects (sinus tachycardia, increased myocardial work, O2 consumption, bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, arrhythmias, circulatory failure)
77
Q

atropine function

A
  • antidote for organophosphate intoxication - preanesthetic prevent or reduce secretions of respiratory tract - treat sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial arrest, incomplete AV block - differentiate vagally-mediated bradycardia for other causes - antidote for OD cholinergic agents
78
Q

Pralidoxime (2-PAM) trade name

A

Protopam

79
Q

Pralidoxime (2-PAM) drug class

A

OP reversal agent

80
Q

Pralidoxime (2-PAM) mechanism of action

A

Removes phosphate from serine to reactivate cholinesterase (In OP poisoning phosphate binds to serine -> permanent inactivation of enzyme unless 2-PAM reverses this because next step is loss of alkyl group and then v hard to reverse)

81
Q

Pralidoxime (2-PAM) fx

A

organophosphate poisoning reversal

82
Q

Pralidoxime (2-PAM) side effects

A
  • rapid IV inject can cause tachycardia, muscle rigidity, transient neuromuscular blockade, and laryngospasm

Drugs (9 decks)

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