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Drugs > Drugs Week 1 + Some Trudy > Flashcards

Drugs Week 1 + Some Trudy Flashcards

1
Q

Aspirin trade name

A

Aspirin

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2
Q

Aspirin Drug Class

A

NSAID

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3
Q

Aspirin mechanisms of action

A

COX-1 inhibitor -> reduced synthesis prostaglandins and thromboxanes (TXA2) - platelets can’t create new COX so aspiring can irreversibly effect platlet aggregation - can modify COX-2 to produce asprin-triggered lipotoxin with lipoxygenase which has gastric mucosal protective actions so increased use -> decreased damage overtime

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4
Q

Aspirin side effects

A

-Can have thrombotic effects if given in high doses b/c inhibits PGI2 - NSAID side effects (D+, V+, lethargy, melena, anorexia, less common cardiovascular or hepatic side effects) - Severe blood loss -> secondary anemia or hypoprotenimia - cats may develop acidosis

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5
Q

altipamezol trade name

A

antisedan

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6
Q

altipamezol drug class

A

alpha2-adrenergic antagonist

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7
Q

atipamezol mechanism of action

A

-alpha2-adrenergic antagonist - competitively inhibits alpha2-adrenergic receptors (normally alpha-2 adrenergic receptors inhibit release norepinephrine by up regulating negative feedback loop decreasing release norepinephrine -> sedation an alpha2-adrenergic antagonist inhibits the alpha2-adrenergic receptor inhibiting the inhibition of norepinephrine release -> reversal of sedation

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8
Q

altipamezol side effects

A
  • V+ -D+ - hypersalivation - tremors - brief excitation or apprehensiveness - IV administration in reptiles may -> hypotension
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9
Q

Altipamezol fx

A
  • Reversal agents for medetomidine and dexmetomidine - may be useful for reversal other alpha-2-adrenergic agonists - Reduce sedation - Decrease blood pressure - Increase heart rate - Increase resp. rate - decrease analgesic effect alpha-2-adrenergic agonists
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10
Q

Aspirin fx

A
  • generally used for anti-thrombotic effects - has analgesic effects - tolerated better by dogs than cats - analgesic - antipyretic (anti-fever) - antiplatlet (anti-thrombotic)
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11
Q

Carprofen trade name

A

Rimadyl

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12
Q

Carprofen drug class

A

NSAID

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13
Q

carprofen mechanism of action

A

inhibition of cyclooxyrgenase, phospholipase A2, and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis - somewhat COX-1 sparing in dogs -> fewer COX-1 effects - COX-2 specificity depends on species, dose, tissue - not as COX-2 specific in horses and cats

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14
Q

carprofen side effects

A

Most common but still rare: - V+ - D+ - anorexia - lethargy Rare serious side effects: - hepatocelluar damage - renale dx - hematological effects - ulceration - hepatopathy (liver dysfx bc venous congestion) - neutrophilic dermatosis - more likely to develop renal toxicity if preexisting renal insufficiency, dehydration, sodium depletion - cats prone to renal adverse effects and GI issues (bc limited ability glucuronidate), hepatotoxicity not a big concern

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15
Q

carprofen fx

A

-analgesia - antiinflammatory -antipyretic (anti fever)

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16
Q

deracoxib trade name

A

Deramaxx

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17
Q

deracoxib drug class

A

NSAID

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18
Q

deracoxib mechanism of action

A
  • COXIB class NSAID - predominantly inhibits COX-2 and spare COX-1 (theoretically inhibiting prostaglandins that -> plain and inflammation and sparing those maintaining normal GI and renal fx but not necessarily the case)
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19
Q

deracoxib fx

A
  • treatment of post-op pain - treatment of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs - of interest in adjunctive treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in bladder
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20
Q

deracoxib side effects

A
  • may alter platlet fx, tests inconclusive GI: -V+ -D+ - anorexia and weight loss - melena - hematemesis (V+ w/ bld) - hematochezia (bad in stool) - GI ulceration/ perforation Urinary: - azotemia (high levels nitrogen containing compounds bld) - polydypsia and polyuria - UTI - hematuria - incontienece - renal failure Hematologic: - anemia - thrombocytopenai Hepatic: - increase hepatic enzymes - changes in total protein Neurologic: - lethargy/weakness, seizures Cardiovascular/ Respiratory - tachypnea (rapid breathing) - bradycardia (slow heart rate) - cough Dermatologic/ immunologic - fever -facial/ muzzle edema - urticaria (hives) - dermatitis Rare - death
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21
Q

Diazepam trade name

A

valium

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22
Q

Diazepam drug class

A

benzodiazepine

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23
Q

Diazepam mechanism of action

A
  • enhance inhibitory actions of GABA - interact with specific site on GABAa receptor chloride channel complex that is associated with receptors that contain gama2subunit
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24
Q

Diazepam fx

A
  • antiolytic (antianxiety) - sedative - muscle relaxant - anticonvulsant - preanestatic protocols for neuroleptanlgesia
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25
Q

Diazepam side effects

A

-Rapid IV admin can -> hypotension Adverse effects dogs: - sedation - increased appetite - agitation - ataxia - agression - contradictory response (CNS excitation) Adverse effects cats: - behavior changes - idiosyncratic hepatic failure -> anorexia, lethargy, increased ALT/AST, hyperbilirubinemia

26
Q

Lidocaine trade name

A

lidoderm, recitare, Xylocaine , Lmx4, Solarcaine

27
Q

Lidocaine drug class

A

Local Anestetic

28
Q

Lidocaine mechanism of action

A

From notes: - Na+ channel blockage sensory afferents and vasculature - have to be inside axon membrane to work; must be uncharged when crossing membrane then have nitrogen in amine protonated once inside axonal membrane and bond to Na+ channel and block it - major effect on axonal conduction of action potential - use dependent blockage

29
Q

lidocaine fx

A
  • local and topical anestetic - treatment ventricular arrhythmias Low dose IV lidocaine infusions - hyperalgesia - neuropathic pain states induces by trauma or dx procedures
30
Q

lidocaine side effects

A

most common (are mild) CNS signs: - drowsiness - depression - ataxia - muscle tremors Other: - nausea - V+ Cardiac effects - at high plasma concentration - changes intervals - may increase ventricular rates in patients w/ a-fib - IV bolus given quickly can -> hypertension - horses less sensitive to adverse effects lidocaine

31
Q

Mepivacaine trade name

A

Carbocaine

32
Q

Mepivacane drug class

A

Local aneshetic

33
Q

Mepivacane mechanism of action

A
  • Na+ channel blockage sensory afferents and vasculature - have to be inside axon membrane to work; must be uncharged when crossing membrane then have nitrogen in amine protonated once inside axonal membrane and bond to Na+ channel and block it - major effect on axonal conduction of action potential - use dependent blockage
34
Q

mepivacane fx

A
  • used in cases of inflammation because low Pka so better chance of working in cases of inflammation - used in lameness diagnoses in horses
35
Q

procaine trade name

A

novicaine

36
Q

procaine drug class

A

local anesthetic

37
Q

procaine fx

A
  • antiarrythmic - tissue infiltration - used to prolong duration of action other local anestetics - decrease injection site pain
38
Q

procaine mechanism of action

A
  • Na+ channel blockage sensory afferents and vasculature - have to be inside axon membrane to work; must be uncharged when crossing membrane then have nitrogen in amine protonated once inside axonal membrane and bond to Na+ channel and block it - major effect on axonal conduction of action potential - use dependent blockage
39
Q

tetracaine trade name

A

tetravisc

40
Q

tetracaine drug class

A

local anestetics

41
Q

tetracaine mechanism of action

A
  • Na+ channel blockage sensory afferents and vasculature - have to be inside axon membrane to work; must be uncharged when crossing membrane then have nitrogen in amine protonated once inside axonal membrane and bond to Na+ channel and block it - major effect on axonal conduction of action potential - use dependent blockage
42
Q

tetracaine fx

A
  • used in opthamology - use when rapid deeper plane of local anesthesia required
43
Q

tetracaine side effects

A
  • transient stinging, burning, and conjunctival redness - chemosis Rare: - allergic corneal rxn characterized by acute diffuse epithelial keratitis w/ filament formation and/ or sloughing of large areas of necrotic epithelium, diffuse stroll edema, desceminitis, iritis
44
Q

edrophonium trade name

A

tensilon, enlon

45
Q

edrophonium drug class

A

cholinesterase inhibitor

46
Q

edrophonium mechanism of action

A

cholinesterase agent (aka indirectly acting agonist) - combines with cholinesterases primarily at catalytic binding site forming rapidly reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex - inhibit AChE -> have more ACh

47
Q

edrophonium fx

A
  • use for presumptive diagnosis of myasthenia gravis - dramatic positive response to edrophonium suggestive of myasthenia gravis though not 100% guarantee can have false pos and false negs - reversal non depolarizing agents - in ICU setting useful in diagnosis and treatment of some supraventricular arrhythmias
48
Q

edrophonium side effects

A

Cholinergic in nature - urination - lacrimation (flow of tears) - vomiting - defication - bradycardia - bronchospasm - can use anticholinergic drug like atropine to alleviate these effects

49
Q

anticholinesterase

A

class of drugs that decrease breakdown of acetylcholine (bc inhibits acetylcholinesterase so inhibit breakdown acetylcholine therefore increasing level and duration of acetylcholine)

50
Q

Meloxicam drug class

A

NSAID

51
Q

Meloxicam mechanism of action

A

COX inhibition

52
Q

Meloxicam fx

A
  • osteoarthritis dogs - single-dose injectable pre op pain and inflammation for cats - studied in horses - pain in calves, sheep, goats, pigs
53
Q

Meloxicam side effects

A

V+ D+ anorexia lethargy melena rare cardiovascular and hepatic problems Possible GI damage Renal toxicity

54
Q

robenacoxib drug class

A

NSAID

55
Q

robenacoxib mechanism of action

A

COX-2 specific inhibitor

56
Q

robenacox side effects

A

COX2= safer for GI but COX-2 plays role in healing so in animal with subclinical GI dx will slow healing process can -> stomach perforation or intestine so don’t use in animal with subclinical GI Dx V+ D+ anorexia lethargy melena rare cardiovascular and hepatic problems Possible GI damage Renal toxicity

57
Q

robenacoxib fx

A

post op pain and inflammation cats and dogs

58
Q

grapiprant drug class

A

NSAID

59
Q

grapiprant mechanism of action

A

non-cox inhibiting blocks EP4 receptor that is primary mediator OA pain and inflamation

60
Q

grapiprant side effects

A

likely safer than most NSAIDs because effecting one lower down on pathway

61
Q

grapiprant fx

A

OA pain and inflammation

Drugs (9 decks)

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