Drugs Week 1 + Some Trudy Flashcards
Aspirin trade name
Aspirin
Aspirin Drug Class
NSAID
Aspirin mechanisms of action
COX-1 inhibitor -> reduced synthesis prostaglandins and thromboxanes (TXA2) - platelets can’t create new COX so aspiring can irreversibly effect platlet aggregation - can modify COX-2 to produce asprin-triggered lipotoxin with lipoxygenase which has gastric mucosal protective actions so increased use -> decreased damage overtime
Aspirin side effects
-Can have thrombotic effects if given in high doses b/c inhibits PGI2 - NSAID side effects (D+, V+, lethargy, melena, anorexia, less common cardiovascular or hepatic side effects) - Severe blood loss -> secondary anemia or hypoprotenimia - cats may develop acidosis
altipamezol trade name
antisedan
altipamezol drug class
alpha2-adrenergic antagonist
atipamezol mechanism of action
-alpha2-adrenergic antagonist - competitively inhibits alpha2-adrenergic receptors (normally alpha-2 adrenergic receptors inhibit release norepinephrine by up regulating negative feedback loop decreasing release norepinephrine -> sedation an alpha2-adrenergic antagonist inhibits the alpha2-adrenergic receptor inhibiting the inhibition of norepinephrine release -> reversal of sedation
altipamezol side effects
- V+ -D+ - hypersalivation - tremors - brief excitation or apprehensiveness - IV administration in reptiles may -> hypotension
Altipamezol fx
- Reversal agents for medetomidine and dexmetomidine - may be useful for reversal other alpha-2-adrenergic agonists - Reduce sedation - Decrease blood pressure - Increase heart rate - Increase resp. rate - decrease analgesic effect alpha-2-adrenergic agonists
Aspirin fx
- generally used for anti-thrombotic effects - has analgesic effects - tolerated better by dogs than cats - analgesic - antipyretic (anti-fever) - antiplatlet (anti-thrombotic)
Carprofen trade name
Rimadyl
Carprofen drug class
NSAID
carprofen mechanism of action
inhibition of cyclooxyrgenase, phospholipase A2, and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis - somewhat COX-1 sparing in dogs -> fewer COX-1 effects - COX-2 specificity depends on species, dose, tissue - not as COX-2 specific in horses and cats
carprofen side effects
Most common but still rare: - V+ - D+ - anorexia - lethargy Rare serious side effects: - hepatocelluar damage - renale dx - hematological effects - ulceration - hepatopathy (liver dysfx bc venous congestion) - neutrophilic dermatosis - more likely to develop renal toxicity if preexisting renal insufficiency, dehydration, sodium depletion - cats prone to renal adverse effects and GI issues (bc limited ability glucuronidate), hepatotoxicity not a big concern
carprofen fx
-analgesia - antiinflammatory -antipyretic (anti fever)
deracoxib trade name
Deramaxx
deracoxib drug class
NSAID
deracoxib mechanism of action
- COXIB class NSAID - predominantly inhibits COX-2 and spare COX-1 (theoretically inhibiting prostaglandins that -> plain and inflammation and sparing those maintaining normal GI and renal fx but not necessarily the case)
deracoxib fx
- treatment of post-op pain - treatment of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs - of interest in adjunctive treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in bladder
deracoxib side effects
- may alter platlet fx, tests inconclusive GI: -V+ -D+ - anorexia and weight loss - melena - hematemesis (V+ w/ bld) - hematochezia (bad in stool) - GI ulceration/ perforation Urinary: - azotemia (high levels nitrogen containing compounds bld) - polydypsia and polyuria - UTI - hematuria - incontienece - renal failure Hematologic: - anemia - thrombocytopenai Hepatic: - increase hepatic enzymes - changes in total protein Neurologic: - lethargy/weakness, seizures Cardiovascular/ Respiratory - tachypnea (rapid breathing) - bradycardia (slow heart rate) - cough Dermatologic/ immunologic - fever -facial/ muzzle edema - urticaria (hives) - dermatitis Rare - death
Diazepam trade name
valium
Diazepam drug class
benzodiazepine
Diazepam mechanism of action
- enhance inhibitory actions of GABA - interact with specific site on GABAa receptor chloride channel complex that is associated with receptors that contain gama2subunit
Diazepam fx
- antiolytic (antianxiety) - sedative - muscle relaxant - anticonvulsant - preanestatic protocols for neuroleptanlgesia
Diazepam side effects
-Rapid IV admin can -> hypotension Adverse effects dogs: - sedation - increased appetite - agitation - ataxia - agression - contradictory response (CNS excitation) Adverse effects cats: - behavior changes - idiosyncratic hepatic failure -> anorexia, lethargy, increased ALT/AST, hyperbilirubinemia
Lidocaine trade name
lidoderm, recitare, Xylocaine , Lmx4, Solarcaine
Lidocaine drug class
Local Anestetic
Lidocaine mechanism of action
From notes: - Na+ channel blockage sensory afferents and vasculature - have to be inside axon membrane to work; must be uncharged when crossing membrane then have nitrogen in amine protonated once inside axonal membrane and bond to Na+ channel and block it - major effect on axonal conduction of action potential - use dependent blockage
lidocaine fx
- local and topical anestetic - treatment ventricular arrhythmias Low dose IV lidocaine infusions - hyperalgesia - neuropathic pain states induces by trauma or dx procedures
lidocaine side effects
most common (are mild) CNS signs: - drowsiness - depression - ataxia - muscle tremors Other: - nausea - V+ Cardiac effects - at high plasma concentration - changes intervals - may increase ventricular rates in patients w/ a-fib - IV bolus given quickly can -> hypertension - horses less sensitive to adverse effects lidocaine
Mepivacaine trade name
Carbocaine
Mepivacane drug class
Local aneshetic
Mepivacane mechanism of action
- Na+ channel blockage sensory afferents and vasculature - have to be inside axon membrane to work; must be uncharged when crossing membrane then have nitrogen in amine protonated once inside axonal membrane and bond to Na+ channel and block it - major effect on axonal conduction of action potential - use dependent blockage
mepivacane fx
- used in cases of inflammation because low Pka so better chance of working in cases of inflammation - used in lameness diagnoses in horses
procaine trade name
novicaine
procaine drug class
local anesthetic
procaine fx
- antiarrythmic - tissue infiltration - used to prolong duration of action other local anestetics - decrease injection site pain
procaine mechanism of action
- Na+ channel blockage sensory afferents and vasculature - have to be inside axon membrane to work; must be uncharged when crossing membrane then have nitrogen in amine protonated once inside axonal membrane and bond to Na+ channel and block it - major effect on axonal conduction of action potential - use dependent blockage
tetracaine trade name
tetravisc
tetracaine drug class
local anestetics
tetracaine mechanism of action
- Na+ channel blockage sensory afferents and vasculature - have to be inside axon membrane to work; must be uncharged when crossing membrane then have nitrogen in amine protonated once inside axonal membrane and bond to Na+ channel and block it - major effect on axonal conduction of action potential - use dependent blockage
tetracaine fx
- used in opthamology - use when rapid deeper plane of local anesthesia required
tetracaine side effects
- transient stinging, burning, and conjunctival redness - chemosis Rare: - allergic corneal rxn characterized by acute diffuse epithelial keratitis w/ filament formation and/ or sloughing of large areas of necrotic epithelium, diffuse stroll edema, desceminitis, iritis
edrophonium trade name
tensilon, enlon
edrophonium drug class
cholinesterase inhibitor
edrophonium mechanism of action
cholinesterase agent (aka indirectly acting agonist) - combines with cholinesterases primarily at catalytic binding site forming rapidly reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex - inhibit AChE -> have more ACh
edrophonium fx
- use for presumptive diagnosis of myasthenia gravis - dramatic positive response to edrophonium suggestive of myasthenia gravis though not 100% guarantee can have false pos and false negs - reversal non depolarizing agents - in ICU setting useful in diagnosis and treatment of some supraventricular arrhythmias
edrophonium side effects
Cholinergic in nature - urination - lacrimation (flow of tears) - vomiting - defication - bradycardia - bronchospasm - can use anticholinergic drug like atropine to alleviate these effects
anticholinesterase
class of drugs that decrease breakdown of acetylcholine (bc inhibits acetylcholinesterase so inhibit breakdown acetylcholine therefore increasing level and duration of acetylcholine)
Meloxicam drug class
NSAID
Meloxicam mechanism of action
COX inhibition
Meloxicam fx
- osteoarthritis dogs - single-dose injectable pre op pain and inflammation for cats - studied in horses - pain in calves, sheep, goats, pigs
Meloxicam side effects
V+ D+ anorexia lethargy melena rare cardiovascular and hepatic problems Possible GI damage Renal toxicity
robenacoxib drug class
NSAID
robenacoxib mechanism of action
COX-2 specific inhibitor
robenacox side effects
COX2= safer for GI but COX-2 plays role in healing so in animal with subclinical GI dx will slow healing process can -> stomach perforation or intestine so don’t use in animal with subclinical GI Dx V+ D+ anorexia lethargy melena rare cardiovascular and hepatic problems Possible GI damage Renal toxicity
robenacoxib fx
post op pain and inflammation cats and dogs
grapiprant drug class
NSAID
grapiprant mechanism of action
non-cox inhibiting blocks EP4 receptor that is primary mediator OA pain and inflamation
grapiprant side effects
likely safer than most NSAIDs because effecting one lower down on pathway
grapiprant fx
OA pain and inflammation
