Drugs Used in Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders

Question 1

Agonist

Answer 1

A drug that brings about a specific action by binding with the appropriate receptor.

Question 2

Antagonist

Answer 2

A drug that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor.

Question 3

Atony

Answer 3

The absence or lack of normal tone or strength.

Question 4

Catecholamine

Answer 4

The class of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. When given therapeutically, catecholamines mimic the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 5

Detrusor

Answer 5

The smooth muscle of the urinary bladder that is mainly responsible for emptying the bladder during urination.

Question 6

Detrusor areflexia

Answer 6

The absence of detrusor contractions.

Question 7

Erythropoiesis

Answer 7

The formation of erythrocytes.

Question 8

Erythropoietin

Answer 8

A glycoprotein hormone secreted mainly by the kidneys; it acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production.

Question 9

Hematuria

Answer 9

Blood in the urine.

Question 10

Hypertension

Answer 10

Persistently high blood pressure.

Question 11

Hypertonus

Answer 11

The state characterized by an increased tonicity or tension.

Question 12

Hypokalemia

Answer 12

Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood.

Question 13

Lower motor neurons

Answer 13

Peripheral neurons whose cell bodies lie in the central gray columns of the spinal corn and whose terminations lie in skeletal muscle. A sufficient number of lesions to lower motor neurons cause muscles supplied by the nerve to atrophy, resulting in weak reflexes and flaccid paralysis.

Question 14

Nephrology

Answer 14

The study of the urinary (renal) system.

Question 15

Nephron

Answer 15

The basic functional unit of the kidney.

Question 16

Polydipsia

Answer 16

Excessive thirst manifested by increased water consumption.

Question 17

Polyuria

Answer 17

Excessive urination.

Question 18

Retroperitoneal

Answer 18

Located behind the peritoneum.

Question 19

Upper motor neurons

Answer 19

Neurons in the cerebral cortex that conduct impulses from the motor cortex to the motor nuclei of the cerebral nerves or to the ventral gray columns of the spinal column. A sufficient number of lesions of upper motor neurons interrupt the inhibitory effect that upper motor neurons have on lower motor neurons, resulting in exaggerated or hyperactive reflexes.

Question 20

Uremia

Answer 20

Abnormally high concentrations or urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism in the blood.

Question 21

Urinary incontinence

Answer 21

Lack of voluntary control over the normal excretion of urine.

Question 22

Urinary tract infection

Answer 22

Infection of the urinary tract. Infection may be localized or may affect the entire urinary tract.