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Pharmacology > Drugs, mechanisms, side effects > Flashcards

Drugs, mechanisms, side effects Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of drug is bromocriptine?

A

A dopamine agonist

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2
Q

What is bromocriptine used to treat?

A

As a dopamine agonist it is used to treat hyperprolactinaemia, acromegaly, Parkinson’s disease

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3
Q

What is the effect of bromocriptine on breast milk production?

A

As a dopamine agonist it inhibits breast milk production by inhibiting prolactin release

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4
Q

What kind of drug is cabergoline?

A

A dopamine agonist

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5
Q

What is the indication for giving cabergoline?

A

Cabergoline is a dopamine (D2 receptor) agonist used in early phase parkinsons, or progressive phase in combination with levodopa, it also is used in hyperprolactinaemia and for breast milk suppression

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6
Q

What is the impact of cabergoline on breast milk production?

A

Due its effect as a D2 receptor agonist, it inhibits prolactin and thereby suppresses breast milk production

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7
Q

What is the most common GI side effect with bromocriptine?

A

Due to its Dopamine agonist effects - it causes nausea and vomiting

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8
Q

What kind of drug is domperidone?

A

A peripheral dopamine D2 receptor ANTAGONIST

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9
Q

What is the clinical indication for domperidone?

A

Treatment of nausea and vomiting by increasing gastric motility, particularly useful in Parkinson’s disease as it does not cross the blood brain barrier (unlike metoclopramide)

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10
Q

How does domperidone effect breast milk production?

A

As a D2 receptor antagonist, domperidone can increase breast milk production by limiting inhibition of prolactin by dopamine

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11
Q

What are the differences between heroin and morphine?

A

Diamorphine is a pro-drug of morphine
It is more lipophilic and therefore crosses the BBB more easily than morphine
It is more potent than morphine

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12
Q

How much more potent is fentanyl than morphine?

A

100 times more potent

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action for lidocaine?

A

Blocks FAST voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing depolarisation

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14
Q

What are the indications for lidocaine use?

A

Local anaesthetic and treatment of ventricular tachycardias (slows the heart rate)

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15
Q

Which class of anti-arrhythmic is lidocaine?

A

Class- 1b

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action for class 1 anti-arrhythmic?

A

Sodium channel blockade

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of action for class 2 anti-arrhythmic?

A

Beta blockade

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action for class 3 anti-arrhythmic?

A

Calcium channel blockade

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action for class 4 anti-arrhythmic?

A

Potassium channel blockade

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20
Q

What is the max dose of lidocaine without adrenaline?

A

3mg/kg

21
Q

What is the max dose of lidocaine with adrenaline?

A

7mg/kg

22
Q

If there is a 60kg woman, what is the max dose in ml that you can give of 1% lidocaine?

A

Max dose =3mg/kg therefore 180mg
1% solution = 1000mg in 100ml = 10mg in 1ml
Therefore Max dose = 18ml

23
Q

What are the ECG changes with lidocaine toxicity?

A

Widened PR and QRS

24
Q

What are the main symptoms of lidocaine toxicity?

A

Circumoral paraesthesia
Tinnitus
Blurred vision
Leading to seizures, loss off conscious, cardiorespiratory compromise

25
Q

What is the active metabolite of tramadol?

A

Desmetramadol

26
Q

Which receptors does tramadol effect?

A

Mu opioid receptors, serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, M1 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist

27
Q

Which drugs increase the risk of osteoporosis?

A

Steroids and heparin

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action for paroxetine?

A

SSRI which also inhibits re-uptake of norephinephrine

29
Q

What is the role of paroxetine treatment in menopause?

A

SSRI with norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor activity which can be used to treat hot flushes

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Ullipristal Acetate?

A

Second generation selective progesterone receptor modulator - directly binds to progesterone receptors.

31
Q

What is the impact of halothane on the liver?

A

It can cause a halothane induced hepatitis

32
Q

What is the impact of halothane on the heart?

A

Reduced cardiac output, an atropine sensitive bradycardia, risk of arrythmia

33
Q

Which drugs are loop diuretics?

A

Furosemide
Bumetanide
Torsemide

34
Q

What kind of drug is metolazone?

A

A Thiazide diuretic

35
Q

Where in the kidney do k+ sparing diuretics act?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

36
Q

What kind of drug is amiloride?

A

A Potassium sparing diuretic

37
Q

What kind of drug is triamterene?

A

A potassium sparing diuretic

38
Q

Why might morphine cause bronchospasm?

A

Histamine release

39
Q

How might a change in potassium effect digoxin?

A

HYPO-kalaemia might cause digoxin toxicity

40
Q

Which chemotherapy drug is typically known for causing haemorrhagic cystitis?

A

Cyclophosphamide

41
Q

Which chemotherapy drug is typically known for causing peripheral neuropathy?

A

Vincristine

42
Q

What kind of drug is cyclophosphamide?

A

An alkylating agent

43
Q

What kind of drug is cisplatin?

A

An alkylating agent

44
Q

What kind of drug is carboplatin?

A

An akylating agent

45
Q

What kind of drug is paclitaxel?

A

An alkaloid

46
Q

What kind of drug is vincristine?

A

An alkaloid

47
Q

What is the mechanism of action of letrozole?

A

An aromatase inhibitor - inhibits oestrogen synthesis

48
Q

Which medications are associated with hirsuitism?

A

Phenytoin and sodium valproate

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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