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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of action for sulphonamides?

A

Inhibit dihydropteroate from converting benzoic acid to folate

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2
Q

What are examples of sulphonamides?

A

suphonylureas

Thiazide diuretics

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3
Q

How do dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors work?

A

Inhibit folate conversion to tetrahydrofolate

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action for nitrofurantoin?

A

It is bactericidal - disrupts bacterial DNA?

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5
Q

Why is nitrofurantoin not useful for kidney infections?

A

It has poor tissue penetration

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6
Q

What are the side effects of nitrofurantoin?

A

Neonatal haemolysis (avoid at term) and pulmonary fibrosis

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7
Q

Which antibiotic should be avoided at term: nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim?

A

Nitrofurantoin as it can cause neonatal haemolysis

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8
Q

Which type of bacteria does clindamycin treat?

A

Gram positive cocci i.e. streptococcus and penicllin resistant staphylococcus
Anaerobic bacteria i.e. bacteroides

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9
Q

Is clindamycin associated with teratogenicity?

A

No

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10
Q

What is clindamycin used to treat?

A

Dental infections, acne, skin infections, bone and joint infections

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11
Q

What kind of drug is clindamycin?

A

A lincomycin

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action for clindamycin?

A

Bacteriostatic- binds to 50s ribosome thereby inhibiting protein synthesis

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13
Q

What is a common severe side effect of clindamycin?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action for chloramphenicol?

A

Bacteriostatic - binds 50s ribosome thereby inhibiting protein synthesis

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15
Q

Which organisms is chloramphenicol sensitive against?

A

It is a broad spectrum antibiotic - gram positive and negative bacteria, MRSA, anaerobes

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16
Q

What is the primary use of chloramphenicol?

A

Superficial eye infections. Also used in the treatment of meningitis (IV)

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17
Q

Is clindamycin present in breast milk?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Does chloramphenicol cause teratogenicity?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What is the most serious side effect associated with chloramphenicol?

A

Fatal blood dyscrasias - aplastic anaemia, bone marrow suppression

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20
Q

What condition can chloramphenicol cause in a neonate?

A

Gray baby syndrome - low BP and cyanosis

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21
Q

Which antibiotic causes Gray baby syndrome?

A

Chloramphenicol

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22
Q

Which drugs are macrolides?

A

Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, tacrolimus

23
Q

Which drug group does erythromycin belong to?

A

Macrolide

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action for erythromycin?

A

Bacteriostatic, macrolide- binds to 50s ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action for clarithromycin?

A

Bacteriostatic, macrolide- binds to 50s ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action for tacrolimus?

A

macrolide- calcineurin inhibitor in T cells causing immunosuppression

27
Q

What is the mechanism of action for azithromycin?

A

Bacteriostatic, macrolide- binds to 50s ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis

28
Q

Are macrolides excreted in breast milk?

A

Yes

29
Q

Which macrolide should be avoided during breastfeeding?

A

Tacrolimus

30
Q

What is the impact of taking erythromycin and a statin?

A

Can cause rhabdomyolysis

31
Q

How might an ECG change when taking erythromycin?

A

Prolonged QT interval

32
Q

What is the most common side effect of erythromycin?

A

GI side effects - increase gut motility leading to diarrhoea and vomiting

33
Q

What are the indications for erythromycin?

A

Penicillin allergy, chlamydia, broad spectrum antibiotic used for genital, respiratory, syphilis and skin infections

34
Q

Can erythromycin be taken during pregnancy?

A

Yes

35
Q

Can tacrolimus be taken during pregnancy?

A

Yes but it is category C - can cause fetal renal toxicity, hyperkalaemia, FGR, prem delivery

36
Q

What is azithromycin used to treat?

A

Inner ear, upper respiratory tract, pneumonia, chlamydia and pelvic inflammatory disease

37
Q

What is a side effect of azithromycin?

A

C. Diff, GI upset, cholestatic jaundice

38
Q

What are side effects of clarithromycin?

A

C Diff, GI upset, cholestatic jaundice

39
Q

What is clarithromycin used to treat?

A

Upper and lower respiratory tract infections, skin infections, H. Pylori, lyme disease

40
Q

Is clarithromycin secreted in breast milk?

A

Yes

41
Q

What is tacrolimus used for?

A

Immunosuppression

42
Q

Which cancer is associated with tacrolimus?

A

Non Hogkins lymphoma

43
Q

What are the potential side effects of tacrolimus?

A

Cardiac damage, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity

44
Q

What happens if you take metronidazole with alcohol?

A

Disulfiram like reaction- abdominal pains, nausea, headache - inhibits acetyl aldehydehydrogenase

45
Q

Which antibiotic would you typically treat BV with?

A

Metronidazole

46
Q

Which antibiotic would you typically treat trichomonas with?

A

Metronidazole

47
Q

What would happen if you took cimetidine and metronidazole?

A

Metabolism of metronidazole would be inhibited because cimetidine is a hepatic enzyme inhibitor

48
Q

What type of bacteria does metronidazole act on?

A

Predominately anaerobic + protozoa

49
Q

Which side effects are associated with long term metronidazole use?

A

Peripheral neuropathy, discoloured urine, metallic taste in mouth

50
Q

What kind of antibiotic is minocycline?

A

A tetracycline

51
Q

Can minocycline be given during breastfeeding?

A

No it causes permanent discoloration of the teeth

52
Q

Which protozoa is metronidazole effective against?

A

Trichomonas, amoeba, giardia

53
Q

What routes of administration are there for metronidazole?

A

IV PO PV PR

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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