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Body in motion > drugs for pain > Flashcards

drugs for pain Flashcards

1
Q

what are drugs for pain called

A

analgesics

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2
Q

types of analgesics?

A

simple - paracetamol
opioid analgesics

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3
Q

which specialised nerve endings sense pain

A

nociceptors

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4
Q

pain pathway?

A

nociceptor -> first order neurone -> dorsal horn in spinal cord -> second order neurone -> ascends in spinothalamic tract -> third order neurone in thalamus in brain -> primary somatosensory cortex

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5
Q

4 classes of pain

A

nociceptive (somatic and visceral)
inflammatory pain
neuropathic pain

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6
Q

COX?

A

cyclo-oxygenase - enzyme in brain

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7
Q

half-life of paracetamol

A

2 hours

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8
Q

overdose of paracetamol

A

hepatotoxicity - liver function impairment

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9
Q

max daily dose paracetamol

A

4g

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10
Q

opioid vs opiate

A

opioid- natural/synthetic
opiate - natural

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11
Q

strong opioids

A

morphine, diamorphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, pethidine, methadone, tramadol

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12
Q

weak opiods

A

codeine
dihydrocodeine

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13
Q

opioids mechanism of action

A

act at G-protein coupled receptors
pre-synaptic - inhibit calcium channels on nociceptive afferent (inhibits neurotransmitters release)
postsynaptic - open inward potassium channels hyperpolarising cell membranes

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14
Q

opioids pharmacokinetics

A

extensive first-pass metabolism in liver
2-3 hr half life
peak conc reached after 1-2 hrs

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15
Q

clinical effects of opioids

A

pain relief, Veno dilation for pulmonary oedema

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16
Q

opioids administration

A

by mouth, immediate release or modified release tablets
intravenous injection, or subcutaneous for palliative care
transdermal

17
Q

adverse effects of opioids

A

confusion/drowsiness/dizziness
euphoric mood, hallucination, miosis (constricted pupils), respiratory and cough depression
urinary retention
flushing, hypotension

18
Q

local anaesthetics 3 examples

A

lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine

19
Q

local anaesthetics mechanism of action

A

block sodium channels to prevent membrane deoplarisation

20
Q

administration

A

topical application to skin and mucosa
subcutaneous injection
deep injection

21
Q

adverse effects of local anasthetic

A

nervous and cardiovascular system depression

22
Q

monitoring and follow up for local anaesthetics

A

care must be taken to spot signs of inadvertent systemic absorption

23
Q

drugs for neuropathic pain

A

carbamazepine, amitriptyline

24
Q

drugs for migraines

A

sumatriptan

25
Q

drugs for myocardial ischaemia

A

glyceryl trinitrate

26
Q

drugs for gout

A

colchicine

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